International Phonetic Alphabet: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 00:03, 7 October 2006

Revision as of 02:40, 8 October 2006

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The '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' ('''IPA''')<ref>{{cite book|last=Laver|first=John|title=Principles of Phonetics|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|___location=New York|id=ISBN 0-521-45031-4 (hb); ISBN 0-521-45655-X (pb)|pages=561|quote=The acronym ‘IPA’ strictly refers…to the ‘[[International Phonetic Association]]’. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself (from the phrase ‘International Phonetic Alphabet’) that resistance seems pedantic. Context usually serves to disambiguate the two usages.}}</ref> is a system of [[phonetic transcription|phonetic notation]] devised by [[linguist]]s. It is intended to provide a standardized, accurate and unique way of representing the sounds of any spoken language,<ref name="IPA 1999">{{cite book|author=International Phonetic Association|authorlink=International Phonetic Association|year=1999|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet|___location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|id=ISBN 0-521-65236-7 (hb); ISBN 0-521-63751-1 (pb)}}</ref> and is used, often on a day-to-day basis, by [[phonetician]]s, [[dialectology|dialectologists]], and other [[linguist]]s; [[speech science|speech scientists]] and [[speech therapy|speech therapists]]; [[foreign language]] teachers; [[lexicography|lexicographers]]; and [[translation|translator]]s.<ref name="world">{{cite book|last=MacMahon|first=Michael K. C.|chapter=Phonetic Notation|editor=P. T. Daniels and W. Bright (eds.)|title=The World’s Writing Systems|pages=821–846|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|___location=New York|id=ISBN 0-19-507993-0}}</ref> In its unextended form (as of 2005) it has approximately 107 base symbols and 55 modifiers.<ref>{{cite web|author=International Phonetic Association|authorlink=International Phonetic Association|date=[[2006-05-05]]|url=http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/images/ipachart.gif|title=The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005)|format=GIF|accessdate=2006-08-27}}</ref> <!-- Unsure of number of modifiers; please fix. Reasonably sure of number of base symbols. -->

The symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet are divided into three categories: [[letter]]s, [[diacritic]]s, and [[Prosody (linguistics)|suprasegmentals]] (symbols that indicate such things as the tone and inflection of a spoken utterance). These categories arecan oftenbe divided into smaller sections. For example, the International Phonetic Association divides the letters into two distinctive groups: [[vowel]]s and [[consonant]]s<ref name="IPA 1999" />. Diacritics and suprasegmentals can be divided according to whether they indicate [[articulation]], [[phonation]], [[Tone language|tone]], [[Intonation (linguistics)|intonation]], or [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]]. Symbols are frequently added, removed, and modified by the International Phonetic Association.

Although the IPA is meant to represent only those qualities of speech that are relevant to language itself (such as tongue position, manner of articulation, and the separation and accentuation of [[word]]s and [[syllable]]s),<ref name="IPA 1999" /> an [[Extended IPA|extended set of symbols]] has been created by phonologists to record qualities of speech that have no effect on meaning (such as [[creaky voice|creakiness of voice]], [[lisp]]ing, and sounds made by people with a [[cleft]])<ref name="world" />.

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[[als:IPA]]

[[ar:ألفبائية صوتية دولية]]

[[bg:Международна фонетична азбука]]

[[bn:আইপিএ]]

[[zh-min-nan:Kok-chè Im-phiau]]

[[br:Lizherenneg Fonetikel Etrebroadel]]

[[bg:Международна фонетична азбука]]

[[ca:Alfabet fonètic internacional]]

[[cs:Mezinárodní fonetická abeceda]]

[[da:Det internationale fonetiske alfabet]]

[[de:Internationales Phonetisches Alphabet]]

[[et:IPA]]

[[el:Διεθνές Φωνητικό Αλφάβητο]]

[[es:Alfabeto Fonético Internacional]]

[[eo:Internacia Fonetika Alfabeto]]

[[es:Alfabeto Fonético Internacional]]

[[et:IPA]]

[[eu:Nazioarteko Alfabeto Fonetikoa]]

[[fi:Kansainvälinen foneettinen aakkosto]]

[[fr:Alphabet phonétique international]]

[[gd:Aibidil Eadar-nàiseanta Fogharach]]

[[gl:Alfabeto Fonético Internacional]]

[[ko:국제 음성 기호]]

[[hy:Միջազգային Հնչյունական Այբուբեն]]

[[hi:अंतर्राष्ट्रीय ध्वन्यात्मक लिपि]]

[[he:אלפבית פונטי בינלאומי]]

[[hu:IPA]]

[[hy:Միջազգային Հնչյունական Այբուբեն]]

[[is:Alþjóðlega hljóðstafrófið]]

[[it:Alfabeto fonetico internazionale]]

[[ja:国際音声記号]]

[[he:אלפבית פונטי בינלאומי]]

[[kg:API]]

[[ko:국제 음성 기호]]

[[hu:IPA]]

[[nl:Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet]]

[[ja:国際音声記号]]

[[no:Det internasjonale fonetiske alfabetet]]

[[nn:Det internasjonale fonetiske alfabetet]]

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[[ro:Alfabetul Fonetic Internaţional]]

[[ru:Международный фонетический алфавит]]

[[sq:Alfabeti Fonetik Ndërkombëtar]]

[[sk:Medzinárodná fonetická abeceda]]

[[sq:Alfabeti Fonetik Ndërkombëtar]]

[[fi:Kansainvälinen foneettinen aakkosto]]

[[sv:Internationella fonetiska alfabetet]]

[[tt:Xalıqara Yañğırış Älifbası]]

[[th:สัทอักษรสากล]]

[[vi:IPA]]

[[tr:Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabesi]]

[[tt:Xalıqara Yañğırış Älifbası]]

[[uk:Міжнародний фонетичний алфавіт]]

[[vi:IPA]]

[[wa:Alfabet fonetike eternåcionå]]

[[zh-yue:萬國音標]]

[[zh:國際音標]]

[[zh-min-nan:Kok-chè Im-phiau]]

[[zh-yue:萬國音標]]