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'''Example-Centriccentric Programmingprogramming''' is an approach to [[software development]] that helps the user to create software by locating and modifying small examples into a larger whole. That approach can be helped by tools that allow an [[integrated development environment]] (IDE) to show code examples or [[API]] documentation related to coding behaviors occurring in the IDE. “Borrow” tactics are often employed from online sources, by programmers leaving the IDE to troubleshoot.<ref name="blueprint">{{cite journal|last1=Scaffidi|first1=Christopher|last2=Brandt|first2=Joel|last3=Burnett|first3=Margaret|last4=Dove|first4=Andrew|last5=Myers|first5=Brad|title=SIG: end-user programming|journal=CHI '12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems|date=2012|pages=1193–1996|doi=10.1145/2212776.2212421|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2212776.2212421&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=597181533&CFTOKEN=26959364}}</ref>
The purpose of Exampleexample-Centriccentric Programmingprogramming is to reduce the time spent by developers searching online. Ideally, in example-centric programming, the [[user interface]] integrates with help module examples for assistance without programmers leaving the IDE. The idea for this type of “instant documentation” is to reduce programming interruptions.<ref name="redprint">{{cite journal|last1=Bhardwaj|first1=Anant|last2=Luciano|first2=Date|last3=Klemmer|first3=Scott|title=Redprint: integrating API specific "instant example" and "instant documentation" display interface in IDEs|journal=Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium adjunct on User interface software and technology|date=2011|pages=21–22|doi=10.1145/2046396.2046408|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2046408}}</ref> The usage of this feature is not limited to experts, as some novices reap the benefits of an integrated knowledge base, without resorting to frequent web searches or browsing.<ref name="blueprint" />
==Background==
The growth of the web has fundamentally changed the way software is built. Vast increase in information resources and the democratization of access and distribution are main factors in the development of Exampleexample-Centriccentric Programmingprogramming for [[end-user development]]. Tutorials are available on the web in seconds thus broadening the space of who writes it: designers, scientists, or hobbyists. By 2012 13 million program as a part of their job, yet only three million of those are actual professional programmers.
Prevalence of online code repositories, documentation, blogs and forums—enables programmers to build applications iteratively searching for, modifying, and combining examples.
When developing software programmers spend 19% of their programming time on the web.<ref name="original" /> Individuals use the web to accomplish several different kinds of activities. The intentions behind web use vary in form and time spent. Programmers spend most of the time learning a new concept, the least time is spent reminding themselves of details of a concept they already know, and in between they use the web to clarify their existing knowledge.<ref name="original" />
Example-Centriccentric programming tries to solve the issue of having to get out of the development environment to look for references and examples while programming. For instance, traditionally, to find API documentation and sample code, programmers will either visit the language reference website of they go to search engines and make API specific queries.<ref name="redprint" /> When trying to learn something new, programmers use [[Tutorial#Internet|web tutorials]] for just-in-time learning. Additionally, programmers deliberately choose not to remember complicated syntax and instead use the web as an external memory that can be accessed when needed.<ref name="original" />
==Benefits==
Some of the benefits of Exampleexample-Centriccentric Programmingprogramming include:
*Prevention of Usageusage Errorserrors <ref name=codelets>{{cite journal|last1=Oney|first1=Stephen|last2=Brandt|first2=Joel|title=Codelets: linking interactive documentation and example code in the editor|journal=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|date=2012|pages=2697–2706|doi=10.1145/2207676.2208664}}</ref><ref name=codex>{{cite journal|last1=Fast|first1=Ethan|last2=Steffee|first2=Daniel|last3=Wang|first3=Lucy|last4=Brandt|first4=Joel|last5=Bernstein|first5=Michael|title=Emergent, crowd-scale programming practice in the IDE|journal=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|date=2014|pages=2491–2500|doi=10.1145/2556288.2556998}}</ref> ▼
▲*Prevention of Usage Errors <ref name=codelets>{{cite journal|last1=Oney|first1=Stephen|last2=Brandt|first2=Joel|title=Codelets: linking interactive documentation and example code in the editor|journal=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|date=2012|pages=2697–2706|doi=10.1145/2207676.2208664}}</ref><ref name=codex>{{cite journal|last1=Fast|first1=Ethan|last2=Steffee|first2=Daniel|last3=Wang|first3=Lucy|last4=Brandt|first4=Joel|last5=Bernstein|first5=Michael|title=Emergent, crowd-scale programming practice in the IDE|journal=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|date=2014|pages=2491–2500|doi=10.1145/2556288.2556998}}</ref>
*Reduction of time searching for code examples <ref name="blueprint" /><ref name="redprint" />
*Reduction of time searching for API documentation <ref name="redprint" />
*Clarification of existing knowledge and reminding of forgotten details <ref name="blueprint" />
==Emergent Programmingprogramming==
{{see also|Emergence}}
Emergence can be defined as a process whereby larger entities, patterns, and regularities arise through interactions among smaller or simpler entities that themselves do not exhibit such properties. The extensive amount of code publicly available on the web can be used to find this type of patterns and regularities. By modeling how developers use programming languages in practices, algorithms for finding common idioms and detecting unlikely code can be created.<ref name="codex" />
This process is limited to the amount of code that programmers are willing and able to share. Because people write more code than they share online there is a lot of duplicated effort. To fully use the power of the crowd, the effort required to publish code online should be reduced.<ref name=ditty>{{cite journal|last1=Lieber|first1=Thomas|last2=Miller|first2=Rob|title=Programming with everybody: tightening the copy-modify-publish feedback loop|journal=Adjunct proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology|pages=101–102|doi=10.1145/2380296.2380342}}</ref>
==Examples==
;Redprint <ref name="redprint" />
Redprint is a browser -based development environment for [[PHP]] that integrates API specific "Instantinstant Exampleexample" and "Instantinstant Documentationdocumentation" display interfaces. The prototype IDE was developed by [[Anant Bhardwaj]], then at [[Stanford University]] on the premise that task-specific example interfaces leave programmers having to understand the example code that has been found, and thus Redprint also includes an API specific search interface.<ref name="redprint">{{cite journal|last1=Bhardwaj|first1=Anant|last2=Luciano|first2=Date|last3=Klemmer|first3=Scott|title=Redprint: integrating API specific "instant example" and "instant documentation" display interface in IDEs|journal=Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium adjunct on User interface software and technology|date=2011|pages=21–22|doi=10.1145/2046396.2046408|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2046408}}</ref> The API specific search interface searches for relevant API specific examples and documentation.
;Codex <ref name="codex" />
;Codelets<ref name=codelets/>
A Codeletcodelet is a block of example code an interactive helper widget that assists the user in understanding and integrating the example.
;Bing Code Search <ref>{{cite web|last1=Shiban|first1=Ala|title=Introducing Bing Code Search for C#|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/visualstudio/archive/2014/02/17/introducing-bing-code-search-for-c.aspx|website=blogs.msdn.com|accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Emergence]]
*[[List of human-computerhuman–computer interaction topics]]
*[[User experience]]
*[[User experience design]]
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