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Line 11: In [[World War II]], with largely [[conscription\|conscript]] armies, there was great emphasis on [[training]]. What was learnt influenced education and training after the war. One of the main methods was the use of [[film]] as a group training method. Research on the effectiveness of training films was done extensively.<ref>Lumsdaine A.A. 1947. Experimental research and the improvement of teaching films. ''Educational Screen'' '''26''', 254/5.</ref><ref>Hovland C.I; Lumsdaine A.A. & Sheffield F.D. 1949. ''Experiments on mass communication''. Princeton University Press.</ref><ref>Lumsdaine A.A. 1953. Audio-visual research in the U.S. Air Force. ''AV Communication Review'' '''1''', 76–90.</ref><ref>May M.A. & Lumsdaine A.A. 1958. ''Learning from films''. Yale University Press.</ref> In one account, [[Arthur A. Lumsdaine\|Lumsdaine]] comments that research on films went on "from about 1918 to the present" (meaning 1962).<ref name=Art>Lumsdaine A.A. 1962, published 1965. Experimental research on instructional devices and materials. In Glaser R. (ed) ''Training research and education''. New York: Wiley, 252; 256.</ref> A few conclusions stood out from the research. ~~One was that~~First, films were great at giving overviews of a situation or an operation. However, they were less successful at getting over the details. Some general features of film (and, later, television) stand out. One is that a film goes at its own pace. Another is that no specific responses or activities are required from the viewer. A third is that the audience is varied, sometimes hugely varied. This gives clues to ways of improving instructional films. In a 1946 experiment at [[Yale University]], questions for students were put between segments of a film on the [[heart]] and [[circulatory system\|circulation]], with correct answers given after students had responded (knowledge of results). This added significantly to the amount learnt from the film. Lumsdaine commented that showing the version with questions and answers was as effective as showing the film twice, and faster.<ref name=Lums/><sup>612</sup><ref>Lumsdaine A.A; May M.A. & Hadsell R.S. 1958. Questions spliced into a film for motivational and pupil participation. In May M.A. & Lumsdaine A.A. ''Learning from films''. Yale University Press, 72–83.</ref>

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