Shared source: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 07:19, 24 set 2016

Versione delle 20:00, 6 apr 2018

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{{T|inglese|informatica|gennaio 2011}}

Il termine '''codice condiviso''' (talvolta chiamato con la locuzione inglese ''shared source'') indica uno dei meccanismi legali di [[Microsoft Corporation|Microsoft]] per la distribuzione del [[codice sorgente]] del [[software]]. La ''Shared Source Initiative'' di [[Microsoft]], lanciata nel maggio [[2001]],<ref>{{en}} [http://www.geekzone.co.nz/content.asp?contentid=4253 ''Geekzone: Microsoft announces expansion of Shared Source Initiative''].</ref> include uno spettro di tecnologie e licenze. La maggior parte delle offerte del suo codice sorgente sono scaricabili dopo che i criteri di ammissibilità vengono rispettati.

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== Panoramica ==

I programmi dal codice sorgente condiviso permettono ai privati e alle organizzazioni di accedere al codice sorgente di Microsoft per riferimento (ad esempio nel caso di sviluppo di sistemi complementari), <!----------------------------for review and auditing from a security perspective (mostly wanted by some large corporations and governments) ------------->e per lo sviluppo (da parte di istituzioni accademiche, [[Original equipment manufacturer|OEM]], sviluppatori individuali).

<!--------------------As part of the framework, Microsoft released 5 licenses for general use. ----------------->Due di queste, la [[Microsoft Public License]] e la [[Microsoft Reciprocal License]], sono state approvate dalla [[Open Source Initiative]] come licenze a codice sorgente aperto<ref>[http://opensource.org/licenses/ms-pl.html Ms-PL]</ref><ref>[http://opensource.org/licenses/ms-rl.html Ms-RL]</ref> <!---------------------------------and are regarded dalla [[Free Software Foundation]] come licenze [[free software]].----------><ref name="FSFLicenseList">{{cita web|titolo=Licenses - Free Software Foundation|lingua=en|url=http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/}}</ref> Altre licenze a codice condiviso sono proprietarie, e consentono quindi al detentore dei diritti d'autore di mantenere un più stretto controllo sull'utilizzo del proprio prodotto.

La ''Shared Source Initiative'' di Microsoft è stata imitata da altre società come [[RISC OS#SharedSource|RISC OS Open Ltd]].<ref>[http://www.riscosopen.org/ RISC OS Open]</ref>

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==Licenze a codice sorgente aperto e libere==

Due licenze a codice condiviso di Microsoft sono considerate a codice aperto dalla [[Open Source Initiative]]<!--<ref name="osi-approval"/>--> e [[Software libero#Licenze d.27uso libere|libere]] dalla [[Free Software Foundation]]<!--<ref name="FSFLicenseList"/>-->.

<!---------------------------------====Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL)==== < This section is linked from [[BSD licenses]] >

This is the least restrictive of the Microsoft licenses and allows for distribution of ''compiled'' code for either commercial or non-commercial purposes under any license that complies with the Ms-PL. Redistribution of the source code itself is permitted only under the Ms-PL.<ref name="ms-pl">{{cite web

| title = Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL)

| url = http://www.microsoft.com/opensource/licenses.mspx#Ms-PL

}}</ref> Initially titled ''Microsoft Permissive License'', it was renamed to ''Microsoft Public License'' while being reviewed for approval by the [[Open Source Initiative]] (OSI). The license was approved on October 12, 2007 along with the Ms-RL.<ref name="osi-approval">{{cite web

| title = OSI Approves Microsoft License Submissions

| url = http://opensource.org/node/207

| date = 2007-10-17

}}</ref>

According to the Free Software Foundation, it is a free software license. However, it is not compatible with the [[GNU GPL]].<ref name="FSFLicenseList"/>

====Microsoft Reciprocal License (Ms-RL)====

This Microsoft license allows for distribution of derived code so long as the modified source files are included and retain the Ms-RL.<ref name="ms-rl">{{cite web

|url=http://www.microsoft.com/opensource/licenses.mspx#Ms-RL

|title=Microsoft Reciprocal License (Ms-RL)

}}</ref> The Ms-RL allows those files in the distribution that do not contain code originally licensed under Ms-RL to be licensed according to the copyright holder's choosing. This is equivalent to the [[CDDL]], [[Eclipse Public License|EPL]] or [[LGPL]] (GPL with a typical "linking exception").{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Initially known as the ''Microsoft Community License'', it was renamed during the OSI approval process.

On December 9, 2005, the Ms-RL license was submitted to the [[Open Source Initiative]] for approval by John Cowan.<ref>{{cite web

|url=http://www.crynwr.com/cgi-bin/ezmlm-cgi?3:msp:11322:cokmgmoknbgepfbongjn

|title=For Approval: Microsoft Community License

|date=2005-12-09

|publisher=license-discuss mailing list

|author=John Cowan

}}</ref> OSI then contacted Microsoft and asked if they wanted OSI to proceed. Microsoft replied that they did not wish to be reactive and that they needed time to review such a decision.<ref>{{cite news

|url=http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1895,2007088,00.asp

|title=Blogger Can't Tempt Microsoft To Drink OSI Kool-Aid

|date=2006-08-22

|publisher=[[eWeek]]

|author=Peter Galli

}}</ref>

At the [[O'Reilly Open Source Convention]] in July 2007, [[Bill Hilf]], director of Microsoft's work with open source projects, announced that Microsoft had formally submitted Ms-PL and Ms-RL to [[Open Source Initiative|OSI]] for approval.<ref>{{cite news

|url=http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2007/07/microsoft_to_su_1.html O'Reilly

|title=Microsoft to Submit Shared Source Licenses to OSI

|date=2007-07-26

|publisher=[[O'Reilly Radar]]

|author=Tim O'Reilly

}}</ref> It was approved on October 12, 2007 along with the Ms-PL.<ref name="osi-approval"/> According to the Free Software Foundation, it is a free software license. However, it is not compatible with the GNU GPL.<ref name="FSFLicenseList"/>

==Non-Open Source, non-Free licenses==

The other Microsoft Shared Source Licenses have various limitations that make them non-[[Open source license|Open Source]] according to the [[Open Source Initiative]] and non-[[Free software license|Free]] to the [[Free Software Foundation]].

====Microsoft Reference Source License (Ms-RSL) {{anchor|Microsoft Reference License}}====

This is the most restrictive of the Microsoft Shared Source licenses. The source code is made available to view for reference purposes only, mainly to be able to view Microsoft classes source code while debugging.<ref name="reference">{{cite web

| url=http://www.microsoft.com/resources/sharedsource/referencesourcelicense.mspx

| title=Microsoft Reference Source License

| publisher=Microsoft

| date=2008-02-01

| quote=''"Reference use" means use of the software within your company as a reference, in read only form, for the sole purposes of debugging your products, maintaining your products, or enhancing the interoperability of your products with the software, and specifically excludes the right to distribute the software outside of your company.''

| accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref> Developers may not distribute or modify the code for commercial or non-commercial purposes.<ref>{{cite web

|url=http://www.microsoft.com/resources/sharedsource/referencesourcelicense.mspx

|title=Microsoft Reference Source License

}}</ref> The license has previously been abbreviated ''Ms-RL'', but ''Ms-RL'' now refers to the ''Microsoft Reciprocal License''.<ref name="ms-rl"/>

====Microsoft Limited Public License (Ms-LPL)====

This is a version of the Microsoft Public License in which rights are only granted to developers of [[Microsoft Windows]]-based software.<ref>{{cite web

|url=http://www.microsoft.com/resources/sharedsource/licensingbasics/limitedpubliclicense.mspx

|title=Microsoft Limited Public License (Ms-LPL)

}}</ref> This license is not open source, as defined by the [[Open Source Initiative|OSI]], because the restriction limiting use of the software to Windows violates the stipulation that open-source licenses must be technology-neutral.<ref name="OSD">{{cite web

|url=http://www.opensource.org/docs/osd

|title=The Open Source Definition

|publisher=[[Open Source Initiative]]

}}</ref> It is considered to be non-free by the Free Software Foundation due to this restriction.<ref name="FSFLicenseList" />

====Microsoft Limited Reciprocal License (Ms-LRL)====

This is a version of the Microsoft Reciprocal License in which rights are only granted when developing software for a Microsoft Windows platform.<ref>{{cite web

|url=http://www.microsoft.com/resources/sharedsource/licensingbasics/limitedreciprocallicense.mspx

|title=Microsoft Limited Reciprocal License (Ms-LRL)

}}</ref> Like the Ms-LPL, this license is not open source because it is not technology-neutral<ref name="OSD" /> due to its restriction that licensed software must be used on Windows, and is also non-free due to this restriction.<ref name="FSFLicenseList" />

==Notable Shared Source programs and projects==

===Microsoft Enterprise Source Licensing Program===

Microsoft gives enterprise customers viewing access to some parts of some versions of the [[Microsoft Windows]] [[operating system]]s. The ESLP license agreement is among the most restrictive of the licenses associated with Shared Source programs, allowing no modifications of the code.

===Microsoft Windows Academic Program===

The Windows Academic Program provides universities worldwide with concepts, Windows kernel source code, and projects useful for integrating core Windows kernel technologies into teaching and research.

===Microsoft Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure===

The first widely-distributed Shared Source program was [[Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure|Shared Source CLI]], the Shared Source implementation of the [[Common Language Infrastructure]]. The licensing permits non-commercial modification and distribution of the source code, as long as all distributions include the original license, or one encompassing the original terms.<ref>As written in the license, examples of commercial purposes would be running business operations, licensing, leasing, or selling the Software, or distributing the Software for use with commercial products</ref>

Microsoft Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure is neither [[free software]] according to the [[Free Software Foundation]],<ref name="FSFLicenseList"/> nor [[Open Source Initiative|OSI]]-approved [[open source]].

===Windows Installer XML (WiX)===

[[WiX]] is a toolset that builds Windows Installer (MSI) packages from an XML document. The first Microsoft Shared Source offering to be released on [[SourceForge]], WiX is licensed under the Common Public License (CPL).

===ASP.Net AJAX Control Toolkit===

The [[ASP.NET AJAX]] Control Toolkit is a set of controls and extenders that use AJAX technologies to enable developers to improve the client experience on their web sites. The toolkit is licensed under the Microsoft Public license (MS-PL) and is available on [[CodePlex]], Microsoft's online community development portal for collaborative software development projects.----------->

== Note ==

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== Voci correlate ==

* [[Free Software]]

<!---------* [[Open Source Software]]----------->

== Collegamenti esterni ==

* {{cita web|http://www.microsoft.com/opensource/default.aspx|Open Source at Microsoft|lingua=en}}

* {{cita web|http://www.microsoft.com/resources/sharedsource/default.mspx|Microsoft Shared Source Initiative Home Page|lingua=en}}

<!---------* [http://www.microsoft.com/resources/sharedsource/licensingbasics/default.mspx Microsoft Shared Source Basics]

* {{cita web|http://www.microsoft.com/resources/sharedsource/Licensing/default.mspx|List of Microsoft Shared Source Licensing Programs}}

----------->

{{FOSS}}

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[[Categoria:Microsoft]]

<!---------[[Categoria:Microsoft initiatives]]

[[Categoria:Software licenses]]----------->