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The [[surface energy]] is equal to the sum of disrupted molecular bonds that occur at the interface between two different phases. Surface energy can be estimated by [[contact angle]] measurements using a version of the [[Young–Laplace equation]]:
<math> \gamma_{SV} - \gamma_{SL}= \gamma_{LV} cos\theta </math> <ref name=CA>{{cite book |doi=10.1021/ba-1964-0043.ch001 |chapter=Relation of the Equilibrium Contact Angle to Liquid and Solid Constitution |title=Contact Angle, Wettability, and Adhesion |series=Advances in Chemistry |year=1964 |last1=Zisman |first1=W. A. |isbn=978-0-8412-0044-
Where <math>\gamma_{SV}</math> is the surface tension at the interface of solid and vapor, <math>\gamma_{SL}</math> is the surface tension at the interface of solid and liquid, and <math>\gamma_{LV}</math> is the surface tension at the interface of liquid and vapor. Plasma modification techniques alter the surface of the material, and subsequently the surface energy. Changes in surface energy then alter the surface properties of the material.
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There are many examples of contamination of biomaterials that are specific to the preparation or manufacturing process. Additionally, nearly all surfaces are prone to contamination of organic impurities in the air. Contamination layers are usually limited to a monolayer or less of atoms and are thus only detectable by surface analysis techniques, such as XPS. It is unknown whether this sort of contamination is harmful, yet it is still regarded as contamination and will most certainly affect surface properties.
Glow discharge plasma treatment is a technique that is used for cleaning contamination from biomaterial surfaces. Plasma treatment has been used for various biological evaluation studies to increase the surface energy of biomaterial surfaces, as well as cleaning.<ref name=RFGD>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/jbm.820290411|title=Effect of parallel surface microgrooves and surface energy on cell growth |year=1995 |last1=den Braber |first1=E.T. |last2=de Ruijter |first2=J.E. |last3=Smits |first3=H.T.J |last4=Ginsel |first4=L.A. |last5=von Recum |first5=A.F. |last6=Jamsen |first6=J.A. |journal=Journal of Biomedical Materials Research |volume=29 |pages=511–518 |pmid=7622536 |issue=1|hdl=2066/21896 }}</ref> Plasma treatment has also been proposed for [[sterilization (microbiology)|sterilization]] of biomaterials for potential implants.<ref name=glow>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199704)35:1<49::AID-JBM6>3.0.CO;2-M |title=Glow discharge plasma treatment for surface cleaning and modification of metallic biomaterials |year=1997 |last1=Aronsson |first1=B.-O. |last2=Lausmaa |first2=J. |last3=Kasemo |first3=B. |journal=Journal of Biomedical Materials Research |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=49–73 |pmid=9104698}}</ref>
[[File:Glow Plasma Discharge Schematic Polymer Chemistry.png|framed|center|Schematic of cleaning of a polymer surface using glow plasma discharge. Note the removal of adsorbed molecules and presence of dangling bonds.]]
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==== Hydrophilic Coatings ====
Hydrophilic coatings can reduce friction in the arteries by up to 83% when compared to bare wires due to their high surface energy.<ref name=friction>{{cite journal |pmid=8485751 |year=1993 |last1=Schröder |first1=J |title=The mechanical properties of guidewires. Part III: Sliding friction |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=93–7 |journal=Cardiovascular and
==== Hydrophobic Coatings ====
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