Supercomputer operating system: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 10:47, 11 July 2018

Revision as of 10:47, 11 July 2018

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By the middle 1990s, despite the extant investment in older operating systems, the trend was toward the use of Unix-based systems, which also facilitated the use of interactive [[graphical user interface]]s (GUIs) for [[scientific computing]] across multiple platforms.<ref>''Frontiers of Supercomputing II'' by Karyn R. Ames, Alan Brenner 1994 {{ISBN|0-520-08401-2}} page 356</ref> The move toward a ''commodity OS'' had opponents, who cited the fast pace and focus of Linux development as a major obstacle against adoption.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandia.gov/~rbbrigh/slides/conferences/commodity-os-ipdps03-slides.pdf |title=On the Appropriateness of Commodity Operating Systems for Large-Scale, Balanced Computing Systems |accessdate=January 29, 2013 |author=Brightwell,Ron Riesen,Rolf Maccabe,Arthur}}</ref> As one author wrote "Linux will likely catch up, but we have large-scale systems now". Nevertheless, that trend continued to gain momentum and by 2005, virtually all supercomputers used some [[Unix-like]] OS.<ref name=National136 >''Getting up to speed: the future of supercomputing'' by Susan L. Graham, Marc Snir, Cynthia A. Patterson, National Research Council 2005 {{ISBN|0-309-09502-6}} page 136</ref> These variants of Unix included [[IBM AIX]], the open source [[Linux]] system, and other adaptations such as [[UNICOS]] from Cray.<ref name=National136 /> By the end of the 20th century, Linux was estimated to command the highest share of the supercomputing pie.<ref name=Padua426 /><ref>[https://www.forbes.com/2005/03/15/cz_dl_0315linux.html Forbes magazine, 03.15.05: ''Linux Rules Supercomputers'']</ref>

==मॉडर्न कांड==

==Modern approaches==

[[File:IBM Blue Gene P supercomputer.jpg|240px|thumb|The [[Blue Gene]]/P supercomputer at [[Argonne National Laboratory|Argonne National Lab]] ]]

The IBM [[Blue Gene]] supercomputer uses the [[CNK operating system]] on the compute nodes, but uses a modified [[Linux]]-based kernel called I/O Node Kernel ([[INK (operating system)|INK]]) on the I/O nodes.<ref name=EuroPar2004>''Euro-Par 2004 Parallel Processing: 10th International Euro-Par Conference'' 2004, by Marco Danelutto, Marco Vanneschi and Domenico Laforenza {{ISBN|3-540-22924-8}} pages 835</ref><ref name=EuroPar2006 >''Euro-Par 2006 Parallel Processing: 12th International Euro-Par Conference'', 2006, by Wolfgang E. Nagel, Wolfgang V. Walter and Wolfgang Lehner {{ISBN|3-540-37783-2}} page</ref> CNK is a [[Lightweight Kernel Operating System|lightweight kernel]] that runs on each node and supports a single application running for a single user on that node. For the sake of efficient operation, the design of CNK was kept simple and minimal, with physical memory being statically mapped and the CNK neither needing nor providing scheduling or context switching.<ref name=EuroPar2004 /> CNK does not even implement [[Input/output|file I/O]] on the compute node, but delegates that to dedicated I/O nodes.<ref name=EuroPar2006 /> However, given that on the Blue Gene multiple compute nodes share a single I/O node, the I/O node operating system does require multi-tasking, hence the selection of the Linux-based operating system.<ref name=EuroPar2004/><ref name=EuroPar2006/>