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Many companies use the phrases ''ethical code'' and ''code of conduct'' interchangeably but it may be useful to make a distinction. A code of [[ethics]] will start by setting out the values that underpin the code and will describe a company's obligation to its stakeholders. The code is publicly available and addressed to anyone with an interest in the company's activities and the way it does business. It will include details of how the company plans to implement its values and vision, as well as guidance to staff on ethical standards and how to achieve them. However, a code of conduct is generally addressed to and intended for employees alone. It usually sets out restrictions on behavior, and will be far more compliance or rules focused than value or principle focused.
==Code of practice (professional ethics)==
{{See also|Professional ethics}}
A code of practice is adopted by a profession or by a governmental or non-governmental organization to regulate that profession. A code of practice may be styled as a code of [[professional responsibility]], which will discuss difficult issues, difficult decisions that will often need to be made, and provide a clear account of what behavior is considered "ethical" or "correct" or "right" in the circumstances. In a membership context, failure to comply with a code of practice can result in expulsion from the professional organization. In its 2007 International Good Practice Guidance, ''Defining and Developing an Effective Code of Conduct for Organizations'', the [[International Federation of Accountants]] provided the following working definition:
"Principles, values, standards, or rules of behavior that guide the decisions, procedures and systems of an organization in a way that (a) contributes to the welfare of its key stakeholders, and (b) respects the rights of all constituents affected by its operations."<ref>{{cite book |author=PAIB Committee |date=31 May 2007 |title=Defining and Developing an Effective Code of Conduct for Organizations |series=International Good Practice Guidance |publisher=The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) |isbn=978-1-931949-81-1 |url=http://www.ifac.org/publications-resources/defining-and-developing-effective-code-conduct-organizations |url-access=registration }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2017}}
Listed below are a few example statements from the professional codes of the [[Public Relations Society of America]] (PRSA) and the [[Society of Professional Journalists]] (SPJ):
; PRSA Code of Ethics<ref>{{cite web |title=PRSA Code of Ethics |website=Public Relations Society of America |url=https://www.prsa.org/ethics/code-of-ethics/ |access-date=19 August 2017 }}</ref>
: “Loyalty: We are faithful to those we represent, while honoring our obligation to serve the public interest.”
: “Fairness: We deal fairly with clients, employers, competitors, peers, vendors, the media, and the general public. We respect all opinions and support the right of free expression.”
; SPJ Code of Ethics<ref name=SPJ>{{cite web |date=6 September 2014 |title= SPJ Code of Ethics |website=Society of Professional Journalists |url=https://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp }}</ref>
: “Minimize Harm … Balance the public’s need for information against potential harm or discomfort. Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance or undue intrusiveness. … Balance a suspect’s right to a fair trial with the public’s right to know. Consider the implications of identifying criminal suspects before they face legal charges. …”
: “Act Independently … Avoid conflicts of interest, real or perceived. Disclose unavoidable conflicts.”
==General notes==
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