Democrazia etnica: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 00:55, 26 mar 2017

Versione delle 22:56, 19 set 2017

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La '''democrazia etnica''' è una [[forma di governo]] [[democrazia|democratica]] in cui un gruppo etnico-religioso e il suo punto di vista predomina nettamente anche se sono garantiti i diritti civili e politici a tutti. In questa forma di governo sia gli appartenenti al gruppo etnico predominante, sia le minoranze sono in grado di partecipare al processo politico di formulazione delle decisioni e in questo si differenzia dalla [[etnocrazia]], nella quale il diritto di voto può essere limitato ad un gruppo etnico solo ([[Herrenvolk]]).<ref name="smooha">Smooha, S. 'The model of ethnic democracy: Israel as a Jewish and democratic state', ''Nations and Nationalism'', p. 475. Volume 8 Issue s4, 2002.</ref>

Il termine "democrazia etnica" fu introdotto dal sociologo [[Sammy Smooha]] dell'[[Università di Haifa]] in un libro pubblicato nel 1989.<ref>Smooha, S.''[http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_13.pdf The model of ethnic democracy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602193044/http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_13.pdf |data=2 giugno 2010 }}'', European Centre for Minority Issues, ECMI Working Paper # 13, 2001, p24.</ref>

== Modello di democrazia etnica secondo Smooha ==

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{{T|inglese|politica|marzo 2011}}

Gli studiosi si dividono sulla classificazione della [[Lettonia]] e dell'[[Estonia]], spaziando dalla [[liberaldemocrazia]]

<ref>John Pickles, Adrian Smith, ''Theorising transition: the political economy of post-Communist transformations'', Taylor & Francis, 1998, p284</ref><ref>Jubulis M. Nationalism and Democratic Transition. ''The Politics of Citizenship and Language in Post-Soviet Latvia'' (Lanham, New York and Oxford: University Press of America, 2001), pp. 201–208</ref> alla democrazia etnica<ref name=CommonMarket>[http://www.developmentandtransition.net/index.cfm?module=ActiveWeb&page=WebPage&DocumentID=586 Discrimination against the Russophone Minority in Estonia and Latvia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504025222/http://www.developmentandtransition.net/index.cfm?module=ActiveWeb&page=WebPage&DocumentID=586 |data=4 maggio 2008 }} — synopsis of article published in the ''Journal of Common Market Studies'' (November 2005)</ref> all'[[etnocrazia]].<ref>Yiftachel O. [http://books.google.lv/books?id=VD082HtsKRsC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=Latvia+ethnocracy&source=bl&ots=cii9HQX4B0&sig=ROBdcKnclU8S-bHRkkxCeVwcyoo&hl=lv&ei=LS0TSsbWLojFsgb4v5GKDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1Ethnocracy: land and identity politics in Israel/Palestine. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006] ISBN 0-8122-3927-X, 9780812239270 — p. 12</ref> Priit Järve, ''Senior Analyst'' allo ''European Centre for Minority Issues'', ha applicato il modello di Smooha sull'Estonia e sostiene che essa sia a metà strada fra una democrazia etnica e un sistema di controllo di polizia.<ref name="Priit"/><!-- Two of the eight features of Smooha's model were fully relevant while the remaining features were partially relevant. The first feature, that of ethnic nationalism installing a single core ethnic nation in the state is fully relevant, while the fourth feature of "the state mobilises the core ethnic nation" is not relevant in Järve's view.

The notion that Estonia or Latvia are ethnic democracies has been rejected by some commentators.<ref>E.g., regarding Latvia: {{cite book|last=Smith-Sivertsen |first=Herman |editor-first=Elisabeth |editor-last=Bakke |title=Sentral-Europa og Baltikum etter 1989 |trans_title=Central Europe and the Baltic States after 1989 |edition=2nd |year=2006 |publisher=Det Norske Samlaget |___location=Oslo |language=Norwegian |isbn=8252167861|oclc=162357834 |page=63 |trans_chapter=Latvia: More than Ethnopolitics |chapter=Latvia — meir enn etnopolitikk }}</ref> On the one hand, the citizenship laws of these countries are not based on ethnic criteria, treating citizens of Russian extract, including a number of people who automatically became citizens because their families have resided there since before [[1940]], with the same rights as the ethnic majorities.<ref name="Lagerspetz">[http://www.tlu.ee/files/arts/3677/Vana%20bf3846d463b7e220f0bc4d6b830f77cc.pdf Active Civic Participation of Immigrants in Estonia]</ref><ref name="economist">[http://www.economist.com/agenda/displayStory.cfm?story_id=8432808 Amnesty takes on Estonia]([http://edwardlucas.blogspot.com/2006/12/estonia-and-amnesty.html reprint])</ref> Moreover, non-citizens enjoy social rights on a par with citizens.<ref>Human Rights and Social Integration in the Republic of Latvia: a General Survey’, Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs/Latvia's Naturalisation Board, 1998 [http://www.un.lv/down/undp_publ/yalta.pdf]</ref> On the other hand, given the proportion of minorities without certain political rights (7.5% in the case of Estonia<ref name="citiz">