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==Emergence of design research and design studies==
The design methods movement had a profound influence on the development of academic interest in design and designing and the emergence of [[design research]] and [[design studies]].<ref>Bayazit, N. (2004) "Investigating Design: A Review of Forty Years of Design Research." ''Design Issues'' '''20''', 1, 16-29.</ref>
After the 1962 conference in England, many of the participants began to publish and to define an area of research that focused on design. Three "camps" seemed to emerge to develop different directions in the initial work in design methods:{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}
TheArising directly from the 1962 Conference on Design Methods, the [[Design Research Society ]] (DRS) was founded in 1966 by several participants from the ConferenceUK onin Design Methods1966. The purpose of the Society is to promote "the study of and research into the process of designing in all its many fields" and is an interdisciplinary group with many professions represented , but all bound by the conviction of the benefits of [[design research]]. <ref>[http://publicwriting.net/2.2/early_days1.0.html John Chris Jones thoughts on design research]</ref>▼
In the USA, a similar Design Methods Group (DMG) was also established in 1966 by [[Horst Rittel]] and others at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. The DMG held a conference at MIT in 1968<ref>Moore, G. T. (ed.) (1970) ''Emerging Methods in Environmental Design and Planning''. MIT Press, USA.</ref> with a focus on environmental design and planning, and that led to the foundation of the [[Environmental Design Research Association]] (EDRA), which held its first conference in 1969.
* Behaviorism interpreted design methods as a way to describe [[human behavior]] in relation to the built environment. Its clinical approach tended to rely on human behavior processes ([[Categorization|taxonomic]] activities).
* Reductivism broke design methods down into small constituent parts. This scientific approach tended to rely on rationalism and objectified processes such as [[epistemological]] activities.
* Phenomenology approached design methods from an experiential approach (human experience and [[perception]].)
In Germany, Vladimir Hubka established the ''Workshop Design-Konstruction'' (WDK),which led to a series of International Conferences on Engineering Design (ICED) beginning in 1981 and later became [[the Design Society]].
▲The [[Design Research Society]] was founded in 1966 by several participants from the Conference on Design Methods. The purpose of the Society is to promote "the study of and research into the process of designing in all its many fields" and is an interdisciplinary group with many professions represented, but all bound by the conviction of the benefits of [[design research]].<ref>[http://publicwriting.net/2.2/early_days1.0.html John Chris Jones thoughts on design research]</ref>
In 1984 the USA [[National Science Foundation]] created a Design Theory and Methodology Program to promote this kind of process research in engineering design.
The [[Environmental Design Research Association]] is one of the best-known entities that strive to integrate designers and [[social science]] professionals for better built environments. EDRA was founded by Henry Sanoff in 1969. Both [[John Chris Jones]] and [[Christopher Alexander]] interacted with EDRA and other camps; both seemed at a certain point to reject their interpretations. Jones and Alexander also questioned their original theses about design methods.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}
Academic research journals in design also began publication. DRS initiated ''Design Studies''<ref>https://www.journals.elsevier.com/design-studies</ref> in 1979, ''Design Issues''<ref>https://www.mitpressjournals.org/loi/desi</ref> appeared in 1984, and ''Research in Engineering Design''<ref>https://link.springer.com/journal/163</ref> in 1989.
An interesting shift that affected design methods and design studies was a series of 1968 lectures by [[Herbert A. Simon]], the Nobel laureate, on "The Sciences of the Artificial".<ref>Simon, H. A. (1969) ''The Sciences of the Artificial'', MIT Press</ref> He proposed using [[scientific methods]] to explore the world of man-made things (hence artificial). He discussed the role of [[wiktionary:analysis|analysis]] ([[observation]]) and [[wikt:synthesis|synthesis]] (making) as a process of creating man-made responses to the world he/she interacted with. Important to Simon's contribution were his notions of "[[bounded rationality]]" and "[[satisficing]]." Simon's concept had a profound impact on the discourse in both design methods, and the newly emerging design studies communities in two ways. It provided an entry to using scientific ideas to overlay on design, and it also created an internal debate whether design could/should be expressed and practiced as a type of [[science]] with the reduction of emphasis on [[Intuition (knowledge)|intuition]].
[[Nigel Cross]] has been prolific in articulating the issues of design methods and design research. The discussion of the ongoing debate of what is design research and design science was, and continues to be articulated by Cross. His thesis is that design is not a science, but is an area that is searching for "intellectual independence." He views the original design methods discussions of the 1960s as a way to integrate objective and rational methods in practicing design. Scientific method was borrowed as one framework, and the term [[design science]] was coined in 1966 at the conference on The Design Method focusing on a systematic approach to practicing design.<ref>Gregory, S. A (1966), Design Science. In S. A Gregory (ed.) The Design Method. London, Butterworth.</ref> Cross defined the "science of design" as a way to create a body of work to improve the understanding of design methods<ref>Cross, N. (1993) "A History of Design Methodology", in M. de Vries, N. Cross and D. Grant (eds.), ''Design Methodology and Relationships with Science'', Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht.</ref>—and more importantly that design does not need to be a binary choice between [[science]] and [[art]].<ref>Cross, N. (1982) "Designerly Ways of Knowing", ''Design Studies'', '''3''', 221–227.</ref>
Nigan Bayazit published an overview of the historical development of design methods. She stated that "Design methods people were looking at rational methods of incorporating scientific techniques and knowledge into the design process to make rational decisions to adapt to the prevailing values, something that was not always easy to achieve."<ref>[http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/074793604772933739 Bayazit, Nigan. "Investigating Design: A Review of Forty Years of Design Research."] Design Issues: Vol 20, No 1. Winter 2004.</ref>
==Professional design practice==
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