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== 1940s ==
* Monte Carlo simulation (voted one of the top 10 [[algorithm]]s of the 20th century) invented at Los Alamos by von Neumann, Ulam and Metropolis.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Metropolis|first=N.|title=The Beginning of the Monte Carlo method|journal=Los Alamos Science|year=1987|volume=No. 15, Page 125|url=http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?15-12.pdf}}. Accessed 5 may 2012.</ref><ref>S. Ulam, R. D. Richtmyer, and J. von Neumann(1947). [http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?00329286.pdf Statistical methods in neutron diffusion]. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LAMS–551.</ref><ref>N. Metropolis and S. Ulam (1949). The Monte Carlo method. Journal of the American Statistical Association 44:335–341.</ref>
* Dantzig introduces the [[simplex method|simplex algorithm]] (voted one of the top 10 algorithms of the 20th century)
* First [[Computational Fluid Dynamics|hydro simulations]] at Los Alamos occurred.<ref>Richtmyer, R. D. (1948). Proposed Numerical Method for Calculation of Shocks. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory LA-671.</ref><ref>A Method for the Numerical Calculation of Hydrodynamic Shocks.
Von Neumann, J.; Richtmyer, R. D. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 21, pp. 232–237</ref>
* Ulam and von Neumann introduce the notion of cellular automata.<ref>Von Neumann, J., Theory of Self-Reproduiing Automata, Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1966.</ref>
* [[Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine#First programs|A routine for the Manchester Baby]] written to factor a large number (2^18), one of the first in [[computational number theory]].<ref>[http://curation.cs.manchester.ac.uk/digital60/www.digital60.org/birth/manchestercomputers/mark1/manchester.html The Manchester Mark 1.]</ref> The Manchester group would make several other breakthroughs in [[Mersenne primes|this area]].<ref>[http://curation.cs.manchester.ac.uk/digital60/www.digital60.org/about/glossary/notes.html#mersenne Miscellaneous Notes: Mersenne Primes.] [http://www.cs.manchester.ac.uk/Digital60/Digital 60 Manchester - 60 years of the Modern Computer]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}, [[University of Manchester|Manchester Uni.]] CS Curation website.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7465115.stm One tonne 'Baby' marks its birth: Dashing times.] By Jonathan Fildes, Science and technology reporter, BBC News.</ref>
▲* Dantzig introduces the [[simplex method|simplex algorithm]] (voted one of the top 10 algorithms of the 20th century) in 1947.<ref>{{cite web|title=SIAM News, November 1994.|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/SOL/dantzig.html|accessdate=6 June 2012}} Systems Optimization Laboratory, Stanford University Huang Engineering Center (site host/mirror).</ref>
== 1950s ==
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