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* [[Doppler effect|Doppler]] and range: the more we know about how far away a [[radar]] target is, the less we can know about the exact velocity of approach or retreat, and vice versa. In this case, the two dimensional function of doppler and range is known as a [[radar ambiguity function]] or '''radar ambiguity diagram'''.
* Surface energy: ''γ'' d''A'' (''γ'' = [[surface tension]] ; ''A'' = surface area).
* Elastic stretching: ''F'' d''
===Derivatives of action===
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