'''Passive sampling''' is an [[environmental monitoring]] technique involving the use of a collecting medium, such as a man-made device or biological [[organism]], to accumulate chemical [[pollutant]]s in the environment over time. This is in contrast to [[Environmental monitoring#Grab samples|grab sampling]], which involves taking a sample directly from the media of interest at one point in time. In passive sampling, average chemical concentrations are calculated over a device's deployment time, which avoids the need to visit a sampling site multiple times to collect multiple representative samples.<ref name = Main>{{cite journal |last1=Górecki |first1=Tadeusz |last2=Namieśnik |first2=Jacek |title=Passive sampling |journal=Trends in Analytical Chemistry |date=2002 |volume=21 |issue=4 }}</ref> Currently, passive samplers have been developed and deployed to detect toxic metals, [[pesticide]]s, [[Drug|pharmaceuticals]], [[radionuclide]]s, [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]s (PAHs), [[polychlorinated biphenyl]]s (PCBs), and other organic compounds in water,<ref name = Chem1>{{cite journal |last1=Charriau |first1=Adeline |last2=Lissalde |first2=Sophie |last3=Poulier |first3=Gaëlle |last4=Mazzella |first4=Nicolas |last5=Buzier |first5=Rémy |last6=Guibaud |first6=Gilles |title=Overview of the Chemcatcher® for the passive sampling of various pollutants in aquatic environments Part A: Principles, calibration, preparation and analysis of the sampler |journal=Talanta |date=2016 |volume=148 |url=https:|doi=10.1016//wwwj.sciencedirecttalanta.com/science/article/pii/S0039914015301041 |accessdate=31 May 20182015.06.064}}</ref><ref name = Chem2>{{cite journal |last1=Lissalde |first1=Sophie |last2=Charriau |first2=Adeline |last3=Poulier |first3=Gaëlle |last4=Mazzella |first4=Nicolas |last5=Buzier |first5=Rémy |last6=Giubaud |first6=Giles |title=Overview of the Chemcatcher® for the passive sampling of various pollutants in aquatic environments Part B: Field handling and environmental applications for the monitoring of pollutants and their biological effects |journal=Talanta |date=2016 |volume=148 |url=https:|doi=10.1016//wwwj.sciencedirecttalanta.com/science/article/pii/S0039914015301181 |accessdate=31 May 20182015.06.076}}</ref><ref name = Brumbaugh>{{cite journal |last1=Brumbaugh |first1=WG |last2=Petty |first2=JD |last3=Huckins |first3=JN |last4=Manahan |first4=SE |title=Stabilized Liquid Membrane Device (SLMD) for the Passive, Integrative Sampling of Labile Metals in Water |journal=Water, Air, and Soil Pollution |date=2002 |volume=133 |pages=109–119 |doi=10.1023/A:1012923529742 }}</ref><ref name = POCISSPMD>{{cite web |title=Guidelines for the Use of the Semipermeable Membrane Device (SPMD) and the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) in Environmental Monitoring Studies |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm1d4/ |publisher=United States Geological Survey |accessdate=30 May 2018}}</ref> while some passive samplers can detect hazardous substances in the air.<ref name = Sigma>{{cite web |title=Passive (Diffusive) Sampling Overview |url=https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/analytical-chromatography/air-monitoring/passive-sampling.html |website=Sigma-Aldrich |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref><ref name = LichData>{{cite web |title=Lichen Monitoring in US National Forests and Parks Reports, Publications and Other Resources |url=http://gis.nacse.org/lichenair/?page=reports |website=National Lichens & Air Quality Database and Clearinghouse |publisher=United States Forest Service |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref><ref name = Tubes />
