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A '''framebuffer''' ('''frame buffer''', or sometimes '''framestore''') is a portion of [[Random-access memory|RAM]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/frame_buffer.html|title=What is frame buffer? A Webopedia Definition|work=webopedia.com}}</ref> containing a [[bitmap]] that drives a video display. It is a [[Data buffer|memory buffer]] containing a complete [[Film frame|frame]] of data.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sunhelp.org/faq/FrameBuffer.html#00 |title=Frame Buffer FAQ |accessdate=14 May 2014 }}</ref> Modern [[video cards]] contain framebuffer circuitry in their cores. This circuitry converts an in-memory bitmap into a [[video signal]] that can be displayed on a computer monitor.
In [[computing]], a '''screen buffer''' is a part of [[computer memory]] used by a computer application for the representation of the content to be shown on the [[computer display]].<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=.NET Framework Solutions: In Search of the Lost Win32 API|author=Mueller, J.|date=2002|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9780782141344|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYQruTc6_44C|page=160|accessdate=2015-04-21}}</ref> The screen buffer may also be called the '''video buffer''', the '''regeneration buffer''', or '''regen buffer''' for short.<ref name="smartcomputing">{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/dictionary/detail.asp?searchtype=2&DicID=10421&RefType=Dictionary&guid=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324192310/http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/dictionary/detail.asp?searchtype=2&DicID=10421&RefType=Dictionary&guid= |archive-date=2012-03-24 |
The information in the buffer typically consists of color values for every [[pixel]] to be shown on the display. Color values are commonly stored in 1-bit [[binary image|binary]] (monochrome), 4-bit [[palette (computing)|palettized]], 8-bit palettized, 16-bit [[high color]] and 24-bit [[Color depth#True color .2824-bit.29|true color]] formats. An additional [[Alpha compositing|alpha channel]] is sometimes used to retain information about pixel transparency. The total amount of memory required for the framebuffer depends on the [[Display resolution|resolution]] of the output signal, and on the [[color depth]] or [[Palette (computing)|palette]] size.
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A color scanned display was implemented in the late 1960s, called the [[Brookhaven National Laboratory|Brookhaven]] RAster Display (BRAD), which used a [[drum memory]] and a television monitor.<ref>{{citation |author1=D. Ophir |author2=S. Rankowitz |author3=B. J. Shepherd |author4=R. J. Spinrad |title=BRAD: The Brookhave Raster Display |work=Communications of the ACM |volume=11 |number=6 |date=June 1968 |pages=415–416 |doi=10.1145/363347.363385}}</ref> In 1969, A. Michael Noll of [[Bell Labs]] implemented a scanned display with a frame buffer.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Noll |first=A. Michael |title=Scanned-Display Computer Graphics |work=Communications of the ACM |volume=14 |number=3 |date=March 1971 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.1145/362566.362567}}</ref> Later on, the Bell Labs system was expanded to display an image with a color depth of three bits on a standard color TV monitor. Advances in [[Integrated circuit|integrated-circuit]] memory in the 1970s made it more practical to create framebuffers capable of holding a standard video image.
In 1972, [[Richard Shoup (programmer)|Richard Shoup]] developed the [[SuperPaint]] system at [[Xerox PARC]].<ref name="Shoup_SuperPaint">{{cite web |url=http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/PDFs/Annals_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040612215245/http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/PDFs/Annals_final.pdf |archive-date=2004-06-12 |title=SuperPaint: An Early Frame Buffer Graphics System |author=Richard Shoup |publisher=IEEE |work=Annals of the History of Computing |year=2001 |format=PDF |
In 1974 [[Evans & Sutherland]] released the first commercial framebuffer, the Picture System,<ref>{{citation |title=Picture System |url=http://s3data.computerhistory.org/brochures/evanssutherland.3d.1974.102646288.pdf |publisher=Evans & Sutherland |access-date=2017-12-31}}</ref> costing about $15,000. It was capable of producing resolutions of up to 512 by 512 pixels in 8-bit [[grayscale]], and became a boon for graphics researchers who did not have the resources to build their own framebuffer. The [[New York Institute of Technology]] would later create the first 24-bit color system using three of the Evans & Sutherland framebuffers.<ref name="NYIT-History">{{cite web |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ph/nyit/masson/nyit.html |title=History of the New York Institute of Technology Graphics Lab |accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref> Each framebuffer was connected to an [[RGB color model|RGB]] color output (one for red, one for green and one for blue), with a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 11/04 [[minicomputer]] controlling the three devices as one.
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{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite web |url=http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/PDFs/14_paint.pdf |title=Digital Paint Systems: Historical Overview |author=Alvy Ray Smith |work=Microsoft Tech Memo 14 |date=May 30, 1997 |format=PDF |
* {{cite web |url=http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/lesson15.html |title=Hardware advancements |work=A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation |publisher=The Ohio State University |author=Wayne Carlson |year=2003 |
* {{cite web |url=http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/PDFs/paint.pdf |title=Digital Paint Systems: An Anecdotal and Historical Overview |author=Alvy Ray Smith |publisher=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |year=2001 |format=PDF |
{{Refend}}
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