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Non-graphitizing carbons generally do not pass through a fluid stage during carbonization. A number of models have been put forward for their structure since the time of Franklin. Oberlin and colleagues have emphasised the role of basic structural units (BSU), made of planar aromatic structures consisting of less than 10-20 rings, with 4 layers or fewer. Cross-linking between the BSUs in non-graphitizing carbons prevents graphitization <ref>{{cite journal|author= A. Oberlin |title= Carbonization and graphitization |journal= Carbon|volume=22|pages=521-541 |year=1984}} {{DOI| 10.1016/0008-6223(84)90086-1}}</ref>. More recently, models have been put forward which incorporate pentagons and other non-six-membered carbon rings <ref>{{cite journal|author= P.J.F. Harris |title= Fullerene-like models for microporous carbon |journal= Journal of Materials Science |volume=48|pages=565–577|year=2013}} {{DOI| 10.1007/s10853-012-6788-1}}</ref>
==See also==
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*[[Acheson process]]
*[[Graphite]]
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== References ==
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