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===Rule-based system===
For example, Quintana<ref>{{cite journal|last=Quintana|first=David |author2=Cristóbal Luque |author3=Pedro Isasi|title=Evolutionary rule-based system for IPO underpricing prediction|journal=In Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (GECCO '05)|year=2005|pages=983–989|doi=10.1145/1068009.1068176 |hdl=10016/4081 |isbn=1595930108 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> first abstracts a model with 7 major variables. The rules evolved from the Evolutionary Computation system developed at Michigan and Pittsburgh:
* Underwriter prestige – Is the underwriter prestigious in role of lead manager? 1 for true, 0 otherwise.
* Price range width – The width of the non-binding reference price range offered to potential customers during the roadshow. This width can be interpreted as a sign of uncertainty regarding the real value of the company and a therefore, as a factor that could influence the initial return.
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