Perturbed angular correlation: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 08:41, 30 December 2019

Revision as of 05:31, 6 January 2020

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After Abragam and Pound <ref>{{cite journal | last=Abragam | first=A. | last2=Pound | first2=R. V. | title=Influence of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Angular Correlations | journal=Physical Review | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=92 | issue=4 | date=1953-11-15 | issn=0031-899X | doi=10.1103/physrev.92.943 | pages=943–962}}</ref> published their work on the theory of PAC in 1953 including extra nuclear fields, many studies with PAC were carried out afterwards. In the 1960s and 1970s, interest in PAC experiments sharply increased, focusing mainly on magnetic and electric fields in crystals into which the probe nuclei were introduced. In the mid-1960s, ion implantation was discovered, providing new opportunities for sample preparation. The rapid electronic development of the 1970s brought significant improvements in signal processing. From the 1980s to the present, PAC has emerged as an important method for the study and characterization of materials.<ref>Th. Wichert, E. Recknagel: Perturbed Angular Correlation. In: Ulrich Gonser (Hrsg.): Microscopic Methods in Metals (= Topics in Current Physics. Band 40). Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1986, {{ISBN|978-3-642-46571-0}}, S. 317–364, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-46571-0_11</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Collins | first=Gary S. | last2=Shropshire | first2=Steven L. | last3=Fan | first3=Jiawen | title=Perturbed γ−γ angular correlations: A spectroscopy for point defects in metals and alloys | journal=Hyperfine Interactions | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=62 | issue=1-2 | year=1990 | issn=0304-3843 | doi=10.1007/bf02407659 | pages=1–34}}</ref><ref>Th. Wichert, N. Achziger, H. Metzner, R. Sielemann: Perturbed angular correlation. In: G. Langouche (Hrsg.): Hyperfine Interactions of Defects in Semiconductors. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1992, {{ISBN|0-444-89134-X}}, S. 77</ref><ref>Jens Röder, Klaus-dieter Becker: Perturbed γ–γ Angular Correlation. In: Methods in Physical Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-527-32745-4}}, S. 325–349, doi:10.1002/9783527636839.ch10</ref><ref>Günter Schatz, Alois Weidinger, Manfred Deicher: Nukleare Festkörperphysik: Kernphysikalische Messmethoden und ihre Anwendungen. 4. Auflage. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-8351-0228-6}}</ref> B. for the study of semiconductor materials, intermetallic compounds, surfaces and interfaces. Lars Hemmingsen et al. Recently, PAC also applied in biological systems.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hemmingsen | first=Lars | last2=Sas | first2=Klára Nárcisz | last3=Danielsen | first3=Eva | title=Biological Applications of Perturbed Angular Correlations of γ-Ray Spectroscopy | journal=Chemical Reviews | publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) | volume=104 | issue=9 | year=2004 | issn=0009-2665 | doi=10.1021/cr030030v | pages=4027–4062}}</ref>

While until about 2008 PAC instruments used conventional high-frequency electronics of the 1970s, in 2008 Christian Herden and Jens Röder et al. developed the first fully- digitized PAC instrument that enables extensive data analysis and parallel use of multiple probes.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Herden | first=C. | last2=Röder | first2=J. | last3=Gardner | first3=J.A. | last4=Becker | first4=K.D. | title=Fully digital time differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC) spectrometer | journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=594 | issue=2 | year=2008 | issn=0168-9002 | doi=10.1016/j.nima.2008.05.001 | pages=155–161}}</ref> Replicas and further developments followed.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Nagl | first=Matthias | last2=Vetter | first2=Ulrich | last3=Uhrmacher | first3=Michael | last4=Hofsäss | first4=Hans | title=A new all-digital time differential γ-γ angular correlation spectrometer | journal=Review of Scientific Instruments | publisher=AIP Publishing | volume=81 | issue=7 | year=2010 | issn=0034-6748 | doi=10.1063/1.3455186 | page=073501}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Jäger | first=M. | last2=Iwig | first2=K. | last3=Butz | first3=T. | title=A user-friendly fully digital TDPAC-spectrometer | journal=Hyperfine Interactions | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=198 | issue=1-3 | year=2010 | issn=0304-3843 | doi=10.1007/s10751-010-0201-8 | pages=167–172}}</ref>

==Measuring principle ==