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Line 11: This switch caused deployment issues and required design modifications, the consequences of which can still be seen: * The change to 64-bit file sizes frequently required incompatible changes to file system layout, which meant that large-file support sometimes necessitated a file system change. For example, [[Microsoft Windows]]' [[FAT32]] file system does not support files larger than 4 GiB−1; one has to use [[NTFS]] or [[exFAT]] instead. * To support binary compatibility with old [[~~Application~~application software\|~~applications~~application]]s, operating system [[~~Application~~application programming interface\|~~interfaces~~interface]]s had to retain their use of 32-bit file sizes and new interfaces had to be designed specifically for large-file support. * To support writing [[porting\|portable]] code that makes use of LFS where possible, [[C standard library]] authors devised mechanisms that, depending on [[C preprocessor\|preprocessor]] constants, transparently redefined the functions to the 64-bit large-file aware ones. * Many old interfaces, especially [[C (programming language)\|C]]-based ones, explicitly specified argument types in a way that did not allow straightforward or transparent transition to 64-bit types. For example, the C functions <code>[[fseek]]</code> and <code>ftell</code> operate on file positions of type <code>long int</code>, which is typically 32 bits wide on 32-bit platforms, and cannot be made larger without sacrificing backward compatibility. (This was resolved by introducing new functions <code>fseeko</code> and <code>ftello</code> in [[POSIX]].<ref name="Unix_1996_LFS"/> On Windows machines, under Visual C++, functions <code>_fseeki64</code> and <code>_ftelli64</code> are used.) ==Adoption== The usage of the large-file API in 32-bit programs had been incomplete for a long time. An analysis did show in 2002 that many base libraries of operating systems were still shipped without large-file support thereby limiting applications using them.<ref~~>http:~~ name="Largefile_Distros"/~~/ac-archive.sourceforge.net/largefile/distros.html</ref~~> The much-used [[zlib]] library started to support 64-bit large-files on 32-bit platform not before 2006.<ref~~>https:~~ name="ZLib_Changelog"/~~/www.zlib.net/ChangeLog.txt</ref~~> The problem disappeared slowly with PC and workstations moving completely to [[64-bit computing]]. Microsoft Windows Server 2008 has been the last server version to be shipped in 32-bit.<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~web\|url~~name=~~https:~~"Kolokythas_2007"//www.pcwelt.de/news/Windows-Server-2008-Microsofts-letztes-32-Bit-Betriebssystem-fuer-Server-334946.html\|title=Windows Server 2008: Microsofts letztes 32-Bit-Betriebssystem für Server\|publisher=PC Welt\|date=2007-05-28\|author= Panagiotis Kolokythas}}</ref> [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux#Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.x\|Redhat Enterprise Linux 7]] was published in 2014 only as a 64-bit operationg system.<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~web\|url~~name=~~https:~~"RHEL_2014_32bit"/~~/access.redhat.com/solutions/509373\|title=Are 32-bit applications supported in RHEL 7 or later releases?\|publisher=Red Hat\|date=February 2014}}</ref~~> Ubuntu Linux stopped delivering a 32-bit variant in 2019.<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~web\|url~~name=~~https:~~"Cooke_2019_32bit"/~~/discourse.ubuntu.com/t/intel-32bit-packages-on-ubuntu-from-19-10-onwards/11263\|title=Intel 32bit packages on Ubuntu from 19.10 onwards\|date=2019-06-02\|publisher=Canonical\|author=Will Cooke}}</ref~~> Nvidia stopped developting 32-bit drivers in 2018 and they stopped delivering updates after january 2019.<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~web\|url~~name=~~https:~~"Addams_2018_Nvidia"/~~/windowsreport.com/nvidia-32-bit-windows-end-support/\|title=Nvidia discontinues support for 32-bit Windows platforms\|publisher=Windows Report\|author=Matthew Addams\|date=2018-04-12}}</ref~~> Apple did stop developing 32-bit Mac OS versions in 2018 delivering [[macOS Mojave]] only as a 64-bit operating system.<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~web\|url~~name=~~https:~~"Silver_2018_Apple"//appleinsider.com/articles/18/06/05/mojave-is-apples-last-version-of-macos-to-support-32-bit-apps\|title=Mojave is Apple's last version of macOS to support 32-bit apps\|publisher=Apple Insider\|author=Steven Silver\|date=2018-06-05}}</ref> There is no [[End-of-life (product)\|end-of-life]] known for Windows 10 on the desktop which is related to the latest upgrades from old systems like Window-7 & Windows-8 in January 2020 as some of those system ran on old computers built on the i386 architecture.<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~web\|url~~name=~~https:~~"Microsoft_Windows7"/~~/support.microsoft.com/de-de/help/4057281/windows-7-support-ended-on-january-14-2020\|title=Der Support für Windows 7 endet am 14. Januar 2020\|publisher=Microsoft\|accessdate=2020-02-09}}</ref~~> A similar development can be seen in the mobile area. Google required to support 64-bit versions of applications in their app store by August 2019,<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~web\|url~~name=~~https:~~"Sebayang_2019_Android"/~~/www.golem.de/news/google-auf-dem-weg-zum-reinen-64-bit-android-1901-138792.html\|title=Auf dem Weg zu reinen 64-Bit-Android-Apps\|publisher=Golem\|author=Andreas Sebayang\|date=2019-01-17}}</ref~~> which allows to discontinue 32-bit support for [[Android (operating system)\|Android]] later.<ref name=~~itmagazine2014>{{cite web\|url=https:~~"MW_2014"//www.itmagazine.ch/Artikel/68830/Google_kuendigt_Ende_von_32-Bit-Android-Apps_per_2021_an.html\|title=Google kündigt Ende von 32-Bit-Android-Apps per 2021 an\|publisher=IT Magazin\|author=mw\|date=2019-01-17}}</ref> The shift towards 64-bit started in 2014 when all new processors were designed to a 64-bit architecture and [[Android Lollipop\|Android 5]] ("Lollipop") was published in that year providing a fitting 64-bit variant of the operating system.<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~web\|url~~name=~~https:~~"Android_User_2014"//www.android-user.de/64-bit-android-diese-prozessoren-gibt-es-diese-veraenderungen-kommen/\|title=64-Bit-Android: Diese Prozessoren gibt es, diese Veränderungen kommen\|date=2014-08-26\|publisher=Android User}}</ref><ref name=~~itmagazine2014~~ "MW_2014"/> Apple had made shift in the year before starting to produce the 64-Bit [[Apple A7]] by 2013. Google started to deliver the development environment for Linux only in 64-bit by 2015.<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~web\|url~~name=~~https:~~"APT_2015"//issuetracker.google.com/issues/37074522\|title=Platform-tools 23.1.0 Linux changed to 64-bit without notice.\|publisher=Android Public Tracker\|date=2015-12-11\|quote= It turns out the android-sdk-linux/platform-tools content is 32-bit ELF in 23.0.1 but 64-bit ELF in 23.1_rc1 and 23.1.0. [..] I set ANDROID_EMULATOR_FORCE_32BIT=true [..] 23.0.1 is the last 32-bit Linux build.}}</ref> In May 2019 the share of Android versions below 5 had fallen to ten percent.<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~web\|url~~name=~~https:~~"Tenzer_2019"//de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/180113/umfrage/anteil-der-verschiedenen-android-versionen-auf-geraeten-mit-android-os/\|title=Anteile der verschiedenen Android-Versionen an allen Geräten mit Android OS weltweit im Zeitraum 01. bis 07. Mai 2019\|publisher=Statista\|author=F. Tenzer\|date=2019-11-14}}</ref> As [[Mobile app\|app]] developers concentrate on a single [[executable\|compilation]] variant, many manufacturers started to require Android 5 as the minimum version by mid 2019, for example Niantic.<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~web\|url~~name=~~https:~~"Favero_2019"/~~/www.nau.ch/news/games/ingress-und-pokemon-go-brauchen-bald-mindestens-android-5-65541520\|title=Ingress und Pokémon Go brauchen bald mindestens Android 5\|author=Elia Del Favero\|date=2019-06-10}}</ref~~> Subsequently the 32-bit versions were hard to get.<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~web\|url~~name=~~https:~~"Reddit_2019"//www.reddit.com/r/TheSilphRoad/comments/dm6c51/why_is_32bit_01590_version_apk_still_not_available/\|title=Why is 32bit 0.159.0 version apk still not available?\|publisher=Reddit TheSilphRoad/\|date=December 2019}}</ref> Except for [[embedded systems]] with their special programs, the consideration of varying large-file support becomes obsolete in program code after 2020. Line 37: <ref name="Unix_1996_LFS">{{cite web \|date=1996-08-14 \|title=Adding Large File Support to the Single UNIX Specification \|publisher=X/Open Base Working Group \|url=http://opengroup.org/platform/lfs.html \|access-date=2006-09-10}}</ref> <ref name="FAT+">{{cite web \|title=FAT+ draft revision 2 \|author-first1=Udo \|author-last1=Kuhnt \|author-first2=Luchezar I. \|author-last2=Georgiev \|author-first3=Jeremy \|author-last3=Davis \|date=2007 \|format=FATPLUS.TXT \|edition=2 \|url=http://www.fdos.org/kernel/fatplus.txt \|access-date=2015-08-05}}</ref> <ref name="Largefile_Distros">http://ac-archive.sourceforge.net/largefile/distros.html</ref> <ref name="ZLib_Changelog">https://www.zlib.net/ChangeLog.txt</ref> <ref name="Kolokythas_2007">{{cite web \|title=Windows Server 2008: Microsofts letztes 32-Bit-Betriebssystem für Server \|language=de \|author-first=Panagiotis \|author-last=Kolokythas \|publisher=[[PC Welt]] \|date=2007-05-28 \|url=https://www.pcwelt.de/news/Windows-Server-2008-Microsofts-letztes-32-Bit-Betriebssystem-fuer-Server-334946.html}}</ref> <ref name="RHEL_2014_32bit">{{cite web \|title=Are 32-bit applications supported in RHEL 7 or later releases? \|publisher=[[Red Hat]] \|date=February 2014 \|url=https://access.redhat.com/solutions/509373}}</ref> <ref name="Cooke_2019_32bit">{{cite web \|title=Intel 32bit packages on Ubuntu from 19.10 onwards \|author-first=Will \|author-last=Cooke \|date=2019-06-02 \|publisher=Canonical \|url=https://discourse.ubuntu.com/t/intel-32bit-packages-on-ubuntu-from-19-10-onwards/11263}}</ref> <ref name="Addams_2018_Nvidia">{{cite web \|title=Nvidia discontinues support for 32-bit Windows platforms \|author-first=Matthew \|author-last=Addams \|publisher=Windows Report \|date=2018-04-12 \|url=https://windowsreport.com/nvidia-32-bit-windows-end-support/}}</ref> <ref name="Silver_2018_Apple">{{cite web \|title=Mojave is Apple's last version of macOS to support 32-bit apps \|publisher=[[Apple Insider]] \|author-first=Steven \|author-last=Silver \|date=2018-06-05 \|url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/18/06/05/mojave-is-apples-last-version-of-macos-to-support-32-bit-apps}}</ref> <ref name="Microsoft_Windows7">{{cite web \|title=Der Support für Windows 7 endet am 14. Januar 2020 \|language=de \|publisher=[[Microsoft]] \|url=https://support.microsoft.com/de-de/help/4057281/windows-7-support-ended-on-january-14-2020 \|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref> <ref name="Sebayang_2019_Android">{{cite web \|title=Auf dem Weg zu reinen 64-Bit-Android-Apps \|language=de \|publisher=Golem \|author-first=Andreas \|author-last=Sebayang \|date=2019-01-17 \|url=https://www.golem.de/news/google-auf-dem-weg-zum-reinen-64-bit-android-1901-138792.html}}</ref> <ref name="MW_2014">{{cite web \|title=Google kündigt Ende von 32-Bit-Android-Apps per 2021 an \|language=de \|publisher=IT Magazin \|author=mw \|date=2019-01-17 \|url=https://www.itmagazine.ch/Artikel/68830/Google_kuendigt_Ende_von_32-Bit-Android-Apps_per_2021_an.html}}</ref> <ref name="Android_User_2014">{{cite web \|title=64-Bit-Android: Diese Prozessoren gibt es, diese Veränderungen kommen \|language=de \|date=2014-08-26 \|publisher=Android User \|url=https://www.android-user.de/64-bit-android-diese-prozessoren-gibt-es-diese-veraenderungen-kommen/}}</ref> <ref name="APT_2015">{{cite web \|title=Platform-tools 23.1.0 Linux changed to 64-bit without notice \|publisher=Android Public Tracker \|date=2015-12-11 \|url=https://issuetracker.google.com/issues/37074522 \|quote=It turns out the android-sdk-linux/platform-tools content is 32-bit ELF in 23.0.1 but 64-bit ELF in 23.1_rc1 and 23.1.0. […] I set ANDROID_EMULATOR_FORCE_32BIT=true […] 23.0.1 is the last 32-bit Linux build.}}</ref> <ref name="Tenzer_2019">{{cite web \|title=Anteile der verschiedenen Android-Versionen an allen Geräten mit Android OS weltweit im Zeitraum 01. bis 07. Mai 2019 \|language=de \|publisher=Statista \|author-first=F. \|author-last=Tenzer \|date=2019-11-14 \|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/180113/umfrage/anteil-der-verschiedenen-android-versionen-auf-geraeten-mit-android-os/}}</ref> <ref name="Favero_2019">{{cite web \|title=Ingress und Pokémon Go brauchen bald mindestens Android 5 \|author-first=Elia \|author-last=Del Favero \|date=2019-06-10 \|url=https://www.nau.ch/news/games/ingress-und-pokemon-go-brauchen-bald-mindestens-android-5-65541520}}</ref> <ref name="Reddit_2019">{{cite web \|title=Why is 32bit 0.159.0 version apk still not available? \|publisher=Reddit \|work=TheSilphRoad/ \|date=December 2019 \|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/TheSilphRoad/comments/dm6c51/why_is_32bit_01590_version_apk_still_not_available/}}</ref> }}

Large-file support: Difference between revisions