Introduction to superheavy elements: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 22:16, 27 March 2020

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:''This is a short introduction for the articles on individual superheavy elements. For the complete article on the topic, see [[Superheavy element]].''

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<onlyinclude>[[File:D-t-fusion.png|upright=1.00|alt=A graphic depiction of a nuclear fusion reaction|left|thumb|A graphic depiction of a [[nuclear fusion]] reaction. Two nuclei fuse into one, emitting a [[neutron]]. Reactions that created new elements to this moment were similar, with the only possible difference that several singular neutrons sometimes were released, or none at all.]]

{{main|Superheavy element#Introduction}}

<onlyinclude>[[File:D-t-fusion.png|upright=1.00|alt=A graphic depiction of a nuclear fusion reaction|left|thumb|A graphic depiction of a [[nuclear fusion]] reaction. Two nuclei fuse into one, emitting a [[neutron]]. Reactions that created new elements to this moment were similar, with the only possible difference that several singular neutrons sometimes were released, or none at all.]]

{{external media|width=230px|float=left|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YovAFlzFtzg Visualization] of unsuccessful nuclear fusion, based on calculations by the [[Australian National University]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wakhle|first=A.|last2=Simenel|first2=C.|last3=Hinde|first3=D. J.|displayauthors=3|last4=Dasgupta|first4=M.|last5=Evers|first5=M.|last6=Luong|first6=D. H.|last7=du Rietz|first7=R.|date=2015|editor-last=Simenel|editor-first=C.|editor2-last=Gomes|editor2-first=P. R. S.|editor3-last=Hinde|editor3-first=D. J.|displayeditors=3|editor4-last=Madhavan|editor4-first=N.|editor5-last=Navin|editor5-first=A.|editor6-last=Rehm|editor6-first=K. E.|title=Comparing Experimental and Theoretical Quasifission Mass Angle Distributions|journal=[[European Physical Journal WOC|European Physical Journal Web of Conferences]]|volume=86|pages=00061|doi=10.1051/epjconf/20158600061|bibcode=2015EPJWC..8600061W|issn=2100-014X}}</ref>}}

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The information available to physicists aiming to synthesize a superheavy element is thus the information collected at the detectors: ___location, energy, and time of arrival of a particle to the detector, and those of its decay. The physicists analyze this data and seek to conclude that it was indeed caused by a new element and could not have been caused by a different nuclide than the one claimed. Often, provided data is insufficient for a conclusion that a new element was definitely created and there is no other explanation for the observed effects; errors in interpreting data have been made.{{Efn|For instance, element&nbsp;102 was mistakenly identified in 1957 at the Nobel Institute of Physics in [[Stockholm]], [[Stockholm County]], [[Sweden]].<ref name=RSC>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/102/nobelium|title=Nobelium - Element information, properties and uses {{!}} Periodic Table|website=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref> There were no earlier definitive claims of creation of this element, and the element was assigned a name by its Swedish, American, and British discoverers, ''nobelium''. It was later shown that the identification was incorrect.{{sfn|Kragh|2018|pp=38–39}} The following year, RL was unable to reproduce the Swedish results and announced instead their synthesis of the element; that claim was also disproved later.{{sfn|Kragh|2018|pp=38–39}} JINR insisted that they were the first to create the element and suggested a name of their own for the new element, ''joilotium'';{{sfn|Kragh|2018|p=40}} the Soviet name was also not accepted (JINR later referred to the naming of element&nbsp;102 as "hasty").<ref name="1993 responses"/> The name "nobelium" remained unchanged on account of its widespread usage.<ref name=IUPAC97/>}}

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