Impero russo: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 14:14, 24 giu 2007

Versione delle 23:02, 27 giu 2007

Riga 52:

In the college itself the voting—secret and by ballot throughout—is by majority; and since this majority consists, under the actual system, of very conservative elements (the [[landowner]]s and urban delegates having fths of the votes), the progressive elements—however much they might preponderate in the country—would have no chance of representation at all save for the curious provision that one member at least in each government must be chosen from each of the five classes represented in the college. For example, were there no reactionary peasant among the delegates, a reactionary majority might be forced to return a [[Social Democrat]] to the Duma. As it is, though a fixed minimum of peasant delegates must be returned, they by no means probably represent the opinion of the peasantry. That in the Duma any Radical elements survive at all is mainly due to the peculiar franchise enjoyed by the seven largest towns — [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Moscow]], [[Kiev]], [[Odessa]], [[Riga]] and the Polish cities of [[Warsaw]] and [[Łódź]]. These elect their delegates to the Duma direct, and though their votes are divided into two curias (on the basis of taxable property) in such a way as to give the advantage to wealth, each returning the same number of delegates, the democratic colleges can at least return members of their own complexion.

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===Consiglio dei ministri ===

La legge del [[18 ottobre]] [[1905]] istituì un Consiglio dei ministri (''Sovyet Ministrov'') per assistere lo zar nelle funzioni di [[alta amministrazione]]. Lo componevano tutti i ministri e i capi delle principali amministrazioni e, per la prima volta nella [[Storia della Russia|storia russa]], era presieduto da un [[primo ministro]]. I ministri erano i seguenti:

===Council of Ministers===

* Corte Imperiale, che amministrava gli appannaggi, i palazzi e i teatri imperiali, l'Accademia imperiale delle Arti e le onorificenze.

{{main|Russian Council of Ministers}}

* Esteri.

By the law of [[18 October]] 1905, to assist the emperor in the supreme administration a Council of Ministers (Sovyet Ministrov) was created, under a ''minister president'', the first appearance of a [[prime minister]] in Russia. This council consists of all the ministers and of the heads of the principal administrations. The ministries were as follows:

* Guerra e Marina.

* of the Imperial Court, to which the administration of the apanages, the chapter of the imperial orders, the imperial palaces and theatres, and the [[Imperial Academy of Arts|Academy of Fine Arts]] are subordinated;

* Finanze.

* [[Foreign Minister of Russia|Foreign Affairs]];

* Commercio e industria (istituito nel [[1905]]).

* [[Heads of military of Imperial Russia|War and Marine]];

* Interno (aveva competenza su polizia, sanità, censura, stampa, poste e telegrafi, religioni diverse da quella ortodossa, statistica).

* [[List of Finance Ministers of Imperial Russia|Finance]];

* Agricoltura.

* Commerce and Industry (created in 1905);

* Strade e comunicazioni.

* [[List of Ministers of Interior of Imperial Russia|Interior]] (including police, health, censorship and press, posts and telegraphs, foreign religions, statistics);

* Giustizia.

* Agriculture;

* Affari spirituali e educazione nazionale.

* Ways and Communications;

* [[List of Justice Ministers of Imperial Russia|Justice]];

* [[List of Ministers of National Enlightenment|National Enlightenment]].

===MostSacro Holy SynodSinodo===

{{main|Most Holy Synod}}

The Most Holy Synod (established in [[1721]]) was the supreme organ of government of the Orthodox Church in Russia. It was presided over by a lay procurator, representing the emperor, and consists, for the rest, of the three metropolitans of [[metropolitan of Moscow|Moscow]], St Petersburg and Kiev, the archbishop of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and a number of bishops sitting in rotation.

Il Sacro Sinodo (fondato da [[Pietro I di Russia|Pietro I]] nel [[1721]]) era il supremo organo di governo della [[Chiesa ortodossa]] in Russia. Era presieduto da un rappresentante dell'imperatore e comprendeva i tre [[Metropolita|metropoliti]] di [[Mosca]], [[San Pietroburgo]] e [[Kiev]], l'[[esarca]] della [[Georgia]] e un certo numero di altri ecclesiastici, scelti a rotazione tra i vescovi ortodossi dell'impero.

===Senate===

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===SenateSenato===

{{main|Governing Senate}}

The Senate (Pravitelstvuyushchi Senat, i.e. directing or governing senate), originally established during the [[Government reform of Peter I]], consisted of members nominated by the emperor. Its functions, which were exceedingly various, were carried out by the different departments into which it is divided. It was the supreme court of cassation; an audit office, a high court of justice for all political offences; one of its departments fullfiled the functions of a heralds' college. It also had supreme jurisdiction in all disputes arising out of the administration of the empire, notably differences between the representatives of the central power and the elected organs of local self-government. Lastly, it examined into registers and promulgated new laws, a function which, in theory, gives it a power, akin to that of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], of rejecting measures not in accordance with the fundamental laws.