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Written laws are not replaced but stressed to test its efficiency. Algorithmic regulation is supposed to be a system of governance where more exact data collected from citizens via their smart devices and computers are used for more efficiency in organizing human life as a collective.<ref>[http://tjm.org/2014/02/15/a-brief-exchange-with-tim-oreilly-about-algorithmic-regulation/ A brief exchange with Tim O'Reilly about "algorithmic regulation"], Tim McCormick</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jul/20/rise-of-data-death-of-politics-evgeny-morozov-algorithmic-regulation The rise of data and the death of politics], Evgeny Morozov. The Observer, Sunday 20 July 2014</ref> As [[Deloitte]] estimated in 2017, automation of US government work could save 96.7 million federal hours annually, with a potential savings of $3.3 billion; at the high end, this rises to 1.2 billion hours and potential annual savings of $41.1 billion.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eggers |first1=illiam D. |last2=Schatsky |first2=David |last3=Viechnick |first3=Peter |title=Demystifying artificial intelligence in government {{!}} Deloitte Insights |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/focus/cognitive-technologies/artificial-intelligence-government.html |website=www2.deloitte.com |accessdate=4 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=(Analysis) Artificial intelligence in government {{!}} Deloitte Insights |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/focus/cognitive-technologies/artificial-intelligence-government-analysis.html |website=www2.deloitte.com |accessdate=4 April 2020}}</ref> According to a study of [[Stanford University]], 45% of the studied US federal agencies have experimented with AI and related machine learning (ML) tools up to 2020.<ref name=sstandford/>
The novels [[Daemon_(novel_series)|Daemon]] and [[Freedom™]] by [[Daniel_Suarez_(author)|Daniel Suarez]] describe a fictional scenario of global algorithmic regulation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rieger |first1=Frank |title=Understanding the Daemon |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/english-version-understanding-the-daemon-1621404.html |accessdate=5 April 2020 |work=FAZ.NET |language=de}}</ref> In 2013, algorithmic regulation was coined by [[Tim O'Reilly]], Founder and CEO of O'Reilly Media Inc.:
<blockquote>Sometimes the "rules" aren't really even rules. Gordon Bruce, the former CIO of the city of Honolulu, explained to me that when he entered government from the private sector and tried to make changes, he was told, "That's against the law." His reply was "OK. Show me the law." "Well, it isn't really a law. It's a regulation." "OK. Show me the regulation." "Well, it isn't really a regulation. It's a policy that was put in place by Mr. Somebody twenty years ago." "Great. We can change that!""
[...]
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Regulations, which specify how to execute those laws in much more detail, should be regarded in much the same way that programmers regard their code and algorithms, that is, as a constantly updated toolset to achieve the outcomes specified in the laws.
[...]
It's time for government to enter the age of big data. Algorithmic regulation is an idea whose time has come.<ref name=timoreilly>
</blockquote>
A 2019 poll made by Center for the Governance of Change at [[IE University]] in Spain showed that 25% of citizens from selected European countries are somewhat or totally in favor of letting an artificial intelligence make important decisions about the running of their country.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Tech Insights (2019) {{!}} IE CGC |url=https://www.ie.edu/cgc/research/tech-opinion-poll-2019/ |website=Center for the Governance of Change |accessdate=11 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Following table shows detailed results:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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In 2019, AI-powered messenger [[chatbot]] SAM participated in the discussions on social media connected to electural race in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarmah |first1=Harshajit |title=World’s First AI-powered Virtual Politician SAM Joins The Electoral Race In New Zealand |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/worlds-first-ai-powered-virtual-politician-sam-joins-the-electoral-race-in-new-zealand/ |accessdate=11 April 2020 |work=Analytics India Magazine |date=28 January 2019}}</ref> The creator of SAM, Nick Gerritsen, believes SAM will be advanced enough to run as a candidate by late 2020, when New Zealand has its next general election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet SAM, world’s first AI politician that hopes to run for New Zealand election in 2020 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/meet-sam-world-s-first-ai-politician-that-hopes-to-run-for-new-zealand-election-in-2020/story-TPnkQNM4UQae3IgcifZq4K.html |accessdate=11 April 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
===Reputation systems===
Tim O'Reilly suggested that data sources and [[reputation system]]s combined in algorithmic regulation can outperform traditional regulations.<ref name=timoreilly/> For instance, once taxi-drivers are rated by passengers, the quality of their services will improve automatically and "drivers who provide poor service are eliminated".<ref name=timoreilly/> The Chinese [[Social Credit System]] is closely related to [[Mass surveillance in China|China's mass surveillance systems]] such as the Skynet<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.creditchina.gov.cn/lianhejiangcheng/lianhejiangchenganliguiji2/201712/t20171221_103496.html |title=最高法打造"天网"破解执行难 去年615万老赖被"限行"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abacusnews.com/who-what/skynet-chinas-massive-video-surveillance-network/article/2166938|title="Skynet", China's massive video surveillance network|last=|first=|date=October 4, 2018|website=[[South_China_Morning_Post#SCMP_Group|Abacus]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tech.ifeng.com/a/20180504/44980719_0.shtml|title=中国天网已建成 2亿摄像头毫秒级寻人|last=|first=|date=May 4, 2018|website=Phoenix New Media Limited|language=zh-Hans|script-title=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>, which incorporates [[facial recognition system]], [[big data analysis]] [[technology]] and AI.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2019/03/27/china-surveillance-state-credit-score/|title=How China's Surveillance State Reflects 'Black Mirror'|last=|first=|date=March 27, 2019|website=Fortune|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/collection/davos-2019/5502592/china-social-credit-score/|title=How China Is Using Big Data to Create a Social Credit Score|last=|first=|date=2019|website=Time|language=en-us|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref><ref name=":43">{{Cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/security/2019/09/30/chinas-new-500-megapixel-super-camera-can-instantly-recognize-you-in-a-crowd/|title=China's new 500-megapixel 'super camera' can instantly recognize you in a crowd|last=Lakshmanan|first=Ravie|date=2019-09-30|website=The Next Web|language=en-us|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref><ref name=":44">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3023455/report-finds-cities-china-most-monitored-world|title=Chinese city with world's heaviest surveillance has 2.5 million cameras|date=2019-08-19|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> This system provides assessments of trustworthiness of individuals and businesses.<ref name="wired_complicated_truth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/china-social-credit-system-explained |title=The complicated truth about China's social credit system|website=WIRED UK|date=7 June 2019|author=Nicole Kobie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/22/business/china-social-credit-business.html|title=China Scores Businesses, and Low Grades Could Be a Trade-War Weapon|last=Stevenson|first=Alexandra|date=2019-09-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-01-11|last2=Mozur|first2=Paul|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/04/china-plans-for-corporate-social-credit-system-eu-sinolytics-report.html|title=China is building a 'comprehensive system' for tracking companies' activities, report says|last=Cheng|first=Evelyn|date=2019-09-04|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref> Among behavior, which is considered as misconduct by the system, [[jaywalking]] and failing to correctly [[Waste sorting|sort personal waste]] are cited.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sznews.com/news/content/2019-09/18/content_22478357.htm |script-title=zh:不开玩笑！11月1日起，行人闯红灯和这些违法行为将纳入征信体系|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Shenzhen News|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web|url=https://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2019-07-07/doc-ihytcitm0295272.shtml |script-title=zh:7月8日起 在南京一年闯红灯5次以上将记入个人信用记录|last=|author=|first=|date=2019-07-07|publisher=[[Sina Corp|Sina]]|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/1173975/garbage-sorting-violators-in-china-risk-getting-a-junk-credit-rating/|title=Garbage-sorting violators in China now risk being punished with a junk credit rating|last=Huang|first=Echo|website=Quartz|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=http://sh.sina.com.cn/news/zw/2019-02-19/detail-ihrfqzka7179229.shtml |script-title=zh:《上海市生活垃圾管理条例》全文公布 7月1日起施行|author=|first=|date=|publisher=[[Sina Corp|Sina]]|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref name=":34">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pazjw.gov.cn/yaowen/201908/t20190801_10713181.shtml |language=zh-cn |script-title=zh:新《杭州市生活垃圾管理条例》审批通过垃圾不分类乱丢乱扔将被罚款并计入信用档案_省内要闻_平安浙江网|website=www.pazjw.gov.cn|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref> Behavior listed as positive factors of credit ratings includes [[donating blood]], donating to [[Charity (practice)|charity]], volunteering for [[community service]]s, and so on.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-march-7-2019-1.5046443/how-china-s-social-credit-system-blocked-millions-of-people-from-travelling-1.5046445|title=How China's 'social credit' system blocked millions of people from travelling|last=|first=|date=March 7, 2019|website=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2018/06/18/chinas-social-credit-system-spreads-to-more-daily-transactions/|title=China's social credit system spreads to more daily transactions|last=West|first=Jack Karsten and Darrell M.|date=2018-06-18|website=Brookings|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> Chinese Social Credit System enables punnishments of "untrustworthy" citizens like denying purchase of tickets and rewards for "trustworthy" citizen like less waiting time in hospitals and government agencies.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2019-07/17/c_1124761947.htm |language=zh-cn |script-title=zh:2682万人次因失信被限制乘机|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Xinhua News Agency|XinhuaNet]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3019333/chinas-social-credit-system-will-not-lead-citizens-losing|title=Social credit system will not stop people using public services, Beijing says|date=2019-07-19|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/china-social-credit-system-how-to-get-rewards-2019-1|title=China's controversial social credit system isn't just about punishing people — here's what you can do to get rewards, from special discounts to better hotel rooms|last=Ma|first=Alexandra|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>
===Management of infection===
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