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Both [[mathematical physics|physics]] and [[engineering]] have their own specialized mathematical dialects, including [[control theory]]. Advances in the life sciences have stimulated the development of [[mathematical biology]] and have recently generated an entirely new field, [[bioinformatics]]. [[mathematical economics|Economics]], [[financial mathematics|finance]], and [[actuarial science|insurance]] have spawned several related disciplines that might be characterized as ''commercial'' mathematics. Certain special economic problems gave the initial impetus to [[game theory]]. Additional problems from business and commerce have driven mathematical research into [[optimization (mathematics)|optimization techniques]], including the widely employed methods of [[operations research]] and [[linear programming]]. As time passes all these optimization methods are finding new applications in a widening circle of disciplines.
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Some universities in the UK host departments of ''Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics'', but it is now much less common to have separate departments of pure and applied mathematics. Schools with separate applied mathematics departments range from [[Brown University]], which has a well-known and large Division of Applied Mathematics that offers degrees through the [[doctorate]], to [[Santa Clara University]], which offers only the [[M.S.]] in applied mathematics. Many research universities divide their mathematics department into pure and applied sections (e.g., [[MIT]]).
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