Content deleted Content added
No edit summary |
m added citations, fixed paragraph formatting |
||
Line 1:
{{AFC submission|t||ts=20200518133526|u=Cranberry dog|ns=118|demo=}}<!-- Important, do not remove this line before article has been created. -->
'''Modulibacteria''' is a [[Bacterial phyla|bacterial phylum]] formerly known as KS3B3 or GN06. It is a [[Candidatus|candidate]] phylum, meaning there are no cultured representatives of this group. Members of the Modulibacteria phylum are known to cause fatal filament overgrowth (bulking) in high-rate industrial anaerobic wastewater treatment bioreactors<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yamada|first=Takeshi|last2=Yamauchi|first2=Toshihiro|last3=Shiraishi|first3=Koji|last4=Hugenholtz|first4=Philip|last5=Ohashi|first5=Akiyoshi|last6=Harada|first6=Hideki|last7=Kamagata|first7=Yoichi|last8=Nakamura|first8=Kazunori|last9=Sekiguchi|first9=Yuji|date=2007-05-31|title=Characterization of filamentous bacteria, belonging to candidate phylum KSB3, that are associated with bulking in methanogenic granular sludges|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2007.28|journal=The ISME Journal|volume=1|issue=3|pages=246–255|doi=10.1038/ismej.2007.28|issn=1751-7362}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yamada|first=Takeshi|last2=Kikuchi|first2=Kae|last3=Yamauchi|first3=Toshihiro|last4=Shiraishi|first4=Koji|last5=Ito|first5=Tsukasa|last6=Okabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Hiraishi|first7=Akira|last8=Ohashi|first8=Akiyoshi|last9=Harada|first9=Hideki|last10=Kamagata|first10=Yoichi|last11=Nakamura|first11=Kazunori|date=2011-01-21|title=Ecophysiology of Uncultured Filamentous Anaerobes Belonging to the Phylum KSB3 That Cause Bulking in Methanogenic Granular Sludge|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02475-10|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=77|issue=6|pages=2081–2087|doi=10.1128/aem.02475-10|issn=0099-2240}}</ref>.
The Modulibacteria phylum was first proposed in 2006 by two independent research groups based on analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences. One group recovered Modulibacteria sequences from the a hypersaline microbial mat from Guerrero Negro (Baja California Sur, Mexico) and used the provisional name GN06 for the novel phylum<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ley|first=Ruth E.|last2=Harris|first2=J. Kirk|last3=Wilcox|first3=Joshua|last4=Spear|first4=John R.|last5=Miller|first5=Scott R.|last6=Bebout|first6=Brad M.|last7=Maresca|first7=Julia A.|last8=Bryant|first8=Donald A.|last9=Sogin|first9=Mitchell L.|last10=Pace|first10=Norman R.|date=2006-05-01|title=Unexpected Diversity and Complexity of the Guerrero Negro Hypersaline Microbial Mat|url=https://aem.asm.org/content/72/5/3685|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|language=en|volume=72|issue=5|pages=3685–3695|doi=10.1128/AEM.72.5.3685-3695.2006|issn=0099-2240|pmid=16672518}}</ref>, while the other recovered sequences from sulfur-rich black mud marine sediments and used the provisional name KSB3<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tanner|first=Michael|date=2006|title=Complex Microbial Communities Inhabiting Sulfide-rich Black Mud from Marine Coastal Environments|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/47460876/Complex_microbial_communities_inhabiting20160723-12451-1a613oc.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DComplex_Microbial_Communities_Inhabiting.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=ASIATUSBJ6BAAIPOJI4W%2F20200518%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200518T131749Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEIz%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDHKnbIiFkFv6ud7khzkhBFzHFGsCrBUEKipNApbtMCqgIhAJ0tFjXdhqccjkDif%2FRn20qaBvruIc%2FXwcDW%2Flgd2UBGKr0DCNX%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQABoMMjUwMzE4ODExMjAwIgyg201WLbmyWuo9Z2sqkQPtw%2FzgVVjfJmy6EKn7xkd6A828PBMGqb%2BezNrQ1ZPZXTRyChX7dLKGsvdYHhW7JfmiuZ1JSIlT4Mf5PpH6XtXbCMtgUriBN2aupYv6hguneFTX8LiAAVdb1AiIofkrRWR80TCnq0LaIMulZ6zshFDxKWfymVuD1ZpyZgP5gBSQnN6PouOjZ6w6o1aVMmADpTg54%2FlTTTpUs3AIO%2BNnsPSPo7aFiFFrdWOhvBpfMAW%2FmdxedcCdny6wkuuUF4MLiqDn9HxNaB%2Fkj0%2FouGT0HhGc6rV34krHUUmWluqa0G62bRWtlb2I6abwvLJw4bEb5rTMQ%2Ft%2BdgjTdOR9TAdlNg3XT8%2FsM4EN9fuKK9tcdZd6eisriLkDgpPBItNnw9b8g0EWjEYTLlGOjZKbxR5kyRI3izd2q62Jd4yx%2BH1ScZmDhpBJI3uZss3l30y8MCWzRg14xrOteIAvYKTIM8AWPy0bmVo7%2BxX2l7lLIV922ntTjGDqZXxYcG3VzOz%2FIzkm6%2BODe0bv%2FnxWkxe8SfPOdZqLjTDx4on2BTrqAVXYHMDzMay9Z1kcYNgFbEsYcgcqH%2FkOswSlCWTZRfPSvp9zO5Lz8clqCF2V%2BrRJMgwsn1C5WhQKyqDNZa2eJ04SkNV6q6lybxc37dO4iQANwsBDNkdM7STycH06EDkxEwxiCKC2MQYwc9MwO9pA8KWNjzZWG%2FHc9xOgb%2F2g3bMNCmDbhY9sv1haT2gBKJ0DhYzpaVo1fZUtpkJHile61uvYUe91hzLC1Zm2u8F6Z9Bz3W1DZavmXETCz9JP23D2ejOccAK80%2Bz5PrsZNflDcHnNFrKhmCWhE%2Bfjuen35OA1%2BwsVvk30VQcJ5g%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=5a7cbaa1f4dcdfde0c0b793c57785a3519b5ff63bca48f3ca3afeb55eb5b6662|journal=Biotechnology et alia|volume=8|pages=1-16|via=}}</ref>.
The first genomic insights into the phylum were achieved in 2015, at which time the name "Modulibacteria" was proposed. Two genomes were recovered from methanogenic sludge samples of a full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating a high-strength organic wastewater discharged from a food-processing factory. Through a combination of genome-based metabolic reconstruction and microscopic observation, it was determined that that the two studied Modulibacteria species (''Moduliflexus flocculans'' and ''Vecturithrix granuli'') produce filamentous structures and are Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic fermenters capable of non-flagellar based gliding motility. Both have an unusually large number of sensory and response regulator genes compared to other bacteria.▼
▲The first genomic insights into the phylum were achieved in 2015, at which time the name "Modulibacteria" was proposed<ref name=":0" />. Two genomes were recovered from methanogenic sludge samples of a full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating a high-strength organic wastewater discharged from a food-processing factory. Through a combination of genome-based metabolic reconstruction and microscopic observation, it was determined that that the two studied Modulibacteria species (''Moduliflexus flocculans'' and ''Vecturithrix granuli'') produce filamentous structures and are Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic fermenters capable of non-flagellar based gliding motility. Both have an unusually large number of sensory and response regulator genes compared to other bacteria<ref name=":0" />.
== Taxonomy ==
The following taxonomy was proposed by Sekiguchi et al (2015)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Sekiguchi|first=Yuji|last2=Ohashi|first2=Akiko|last3=Parks|first3=Donovan H.|last4=Yamauchi|first4=Toshihiro|last5=Tyson|first5=Gene W.|last6=Hugenholtz|first6=Philip|date=2015-01-27|title=First genomic insights into members of a candidate bacterial phylum responsible for wastewater bulking|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312070/|journal=PeerJ|volume=3|doi=10.7717/peerj.740|issn=2167-8359|pmc=4312070|pmid=25650158}}</ref>.
* Class Moduliflexia
Line 25 ⟶ 27:
{{AFC submission|||ts=20200518133553|u=Cranberry dog|ns=118}}
| |||