User:BC1278/sandbox/github: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 13:32, 24 June 2020

Revision as of 21:20, 9 May 2021

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The platform is a [[Git]] [[version control]] [[Repository (version control)|repository]] [[Internet hosting service|hosting service]]. It offers all of the [[distributed version control]] and [[source code management]] (SCM) functionality of Git as well as adding its own features. It provides [[access control]] and several collaboration features such as [[bug tracking system|bug tracking]], [[software feature|feature requests]], [[task management]], and [[wiki]]s for every project.<ref name="hugeinvestment">{{cite web |url = https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/09/github-pours-energies-into-enterprise-raises-100-million-from-power-vc-andreesen-horowitz/ |title = GitHub Pours Energies into Enterprise – Raises $100 Million From Power VC Andreessen Horowitz |date = 9 July 2012 |first1 = Alex |last1 = Williams |publisher = TechCrunch |quote = Andreessen Horowitz is investing an eye-popping $100 million into GitHub }}</ref>

GitHub offers both plans for private and free [[repository (version control)|repositories]] on the same account<ref>{{cite web |title = Why GitHub’sGitHub's pricing model stinks (for us) |url = https://lostechies.com/jimmybogard/2012/11/07/why-githubs-pricing-model-stinks-for-us/ |website = LosTechies |accessdate = 29 June 2015 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150629153426/https://lostechies.com/jimmybogard/2012/11/07/why-githubs-pricing-model-stinks-for-us/ |archivedate = 29 June 2015 |dead-url = no |date = 7 November 2012 }}</ref> which are commonly used to host [[open-source]] software projects.<ref>{{cite web |title = The Problem With Putting All the World's Code in GitHub |url = https://www.wired.com/2015/06/problem-putting-worlds-code-github/ |website = [[Wired (website)|Wired]] |accessdate = 29 June 2015 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150629152927/http://www.wired.com/2015/06/problem-putting-worlds-code-github/ |archivedate = 29 June 2015 |dead-url = no |date = 29 June 2015 }}</ref> [As of April 2017, GitHub reports having almost 20 million users and 57 million repositories,<ref>{{cite web |url = https://github.com/blog/2345-celebrating-nine-years-of-github-with-an-anniversary-sale |title = Celebrating nine years of GitHub with an anniversary sale |website = github.com |publisher = Github |accessdate = 2017-04-11 }}</ref>] '''Github had 24 million developers affiliated to 1.5 million organizations and 67 million repositories, located in 200 countries of the world, in October 2017. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.i-programmer.info/news/136-open-source/11210-github-state-.html|title=GitHub's Latest State Of The Octoverse|last=Editor|website=www.i-programmer.info|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref>'''

GitHub has a [[mascot]] called Octocat, a cat with five tentacles and a human-like face.<ref name="Octodex FAQ">{{cite web |title = GitHub Octodex FAQ |url = https://octodex.github.com/faq.html |accessdate = 21 September 2015 |website = github.com }}</ref><ref name="Jaramillo">{{cite web |url=https://github.com/blog/1929-from-sticker-to-sculpture-the-making-of-the-octocat-figurine |title=From Sticker to Sculpture: The making of the Octocat figurine |date=24 November 2014 |last=Jaramillo |first=Tony |website=The GitHub Blog |publisher=GitHub |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref>

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== Services ==

=== GitHub ===

Development of the GitHub platform began on 19 October 2007.<ref name="beginning">{{cite web |url = http://blogs.esri.com/esri/arcgis/2014/02/10/github-ceo-and-co-founder-chris-wanstrath-keynoting-esris-devsummit/ |title = GitHub CEO and Co-Founder Chris Wanstrath Keynoting Esri’sEsri's DevSummit! |first1 = Kristina |last1 = Weis |date = 2014-02-10 |quote = in 2007 they began working on GitHub as a side project }}</ref><ref name="githuboneyear">{{cite web |url = https://github.com/blog/185-github-turns-one |title = GitHub Turns One! |work = GitHub |date = 19 October 2008 |first = Tom |last = Preston-Werner |accessdate = 2014-03-28 }}</ref><ref name="githubfirstcommit">{{cite web |url = https://www.slideshare.net/err/inside-github/28-2007_octoberThe_rst_commit_was |title = The first commit was on a Friday night in October, around 10pm. |date = 7 December 2009 |first = Chris |last = Wanstrath |accessdate = 2017-11-04 }}</ref> The site was launched in April 2008 by [[Tom Preston-Werner]], [[Chris Wanstrath]], and PJ Hyett after it had been made available for a few months prior as a beta release.<ref name="pastie">{{cite web |url = http://www.sitepoint.com/github-gist-is-pastie-on-steroids/ |title = GitHub Gist is Pastie on Steroids |date = 24 July 2008 |first1 = Josh |last1 = Catone |quote=GitHub hosts about 10,000 projects and officially launched in April of this year after a beta period of a few months.}}</ref>

Projects on GitHub can be accessed and manipulated using the standard Git command-line interface and all of the standard Git commands work with it. GitHub also allows registered and non-registered users to browse public repositories on the site. Multiple desktop clients and Git [[Plug-in (computing)|plugin]]s have also been created by GitHub and other third parties that integrate with the platform.

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=== GitHub Enterprise ===

GitHub Enterprise is similar to GitHub's public service but is designed for use by large-scale enterprise software development teams where the enterprise wishes to host their repositories behind a corporate [[firewall (computing)|firewalll]]. '''Enterprise customers can cluster servers to act as a single installation, enabling it to support large teams.'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/09/github-updates-its-enterprise-product-with-clustering-support-updated-design/|title=GitHub Updates Its Enterprise Product With Clustering Support, Updated  Design|last=Lardinois|first=Frederic|work=TechCrunch|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en}}</ref>

'''In the spring of 2017, GitHub Enterprise added on an option to store work on the major cloud services, including Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/githubs-enterprise-service-brings-in-half-its-200-million-in-sales-2017-10|title=GitHub, the 'Facebook for programmers,' has quietly built up an enterprise business that accounts for half its $200 million in sales|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en}}</ref>''' '''IBM's BlueMix cloud-platform was added in February, 2016.'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/3036123/application-development/github-enterprise-is-coming-to-ibms-bluemix.html|title=GitHub Enterprise is coming to IBM's Bluemix|last=Noyes|first=Katherine|work=InfoWorld|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en}}</ref>

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GitHub also operates other services: a [[pastebin]]-style site called '''Gist'''<ref name="pastie"/> that is for hosting [[Snippet (programming)|code snippets]] (GitHub proper is for hosting larger projects), and a [[slide hosting service]] called Speaker Deck.

Tom Preston-Werner presented the then-new Gist feature at a punk rock Ruby conference in 2008.<ref>{{cite conference |title = God's memory leak - a scientific treatment |first = Tom |last = Preston-Werner |url = https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/god-rb/Acyit8SlgcI |date = 2008-07-20 |conference = RubyFringe |conferenceurlconference-url = https://unspace.ca/rubyfringe/ |accessdate = 2014-10-21 |quote = He previewed the upcoming git feature gist }}</ref> Gist builds on the traditional simple concept of a [[pastebin]] by adding version control for code snippets, easy forking, and SSL encryption for private pastes. Because each "gist" has its own Git repository, multiple code snippets can be contained in a single paste and they can be pushed and pulled using Git. Further, forked code can be pushed back to the original author in the form of a patch, so gists (pastes) can become more like mini-projects.

<!-- Placeholder for potential section about Speaker Deck

=== Speaker Deck ===

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On 9 July 2012, [[Peter Levine (venture capitalist)|Peter Levine]], general partner at GitHub's investor [[Andreessen Horowitz]], stated that GitHub had been growing revenue at 300% annually since 2008 "profitably nearly the entire way".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://peter.a16z.com/2012/07/09/software-eats-software-development/ |title = Software Eats Software Development |date = 2012-07-09 |first = Peter |last = Levine | author-link = Peter Levine (venture capitalist) }}</ref>

GitHub, Inc. was originally a [[flat organization]] with no middle managers; in other words, "everyone is a manager" ([[Workers' self-management|self-management]]).<ref name="cto-mgmt-style">{{cite web|url=http://tomayko.com/writings/management-style|title=Show How, Don't Tell What - A Management Style|last=Tomayko|first=Ryan|date=2 April 2012|accessdate=28 August 2013}}</ref> Employees '''could''' choose to work on projects that interest them ([[open allocation]]). However, salaries '''were''' set by the chief executive.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/28/github-has-big-dreams-for-open-source-software-and-more/?_r=0|title=Dreams of 'Open' Everything|last=Hardy|first=Quentin|publisherwork=New York Times}}</ref> By 2014, the company had adopted a traditional management structure.<ref name=":8" />

On 16 January 2013, GitHub announced it had passed the 3 million users mark and was then hosting more than 5 million repositories.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/04/11/code-sharing-site-github-turns-five-and-hits-3-5-million-users-6-million-repositories/ |title = Code-sharing site Github turns five and hits 3.5 million users, 6 million repositories |publisher = TheNextWeb.com |date = 2013-04-11 |accessdate = 2013-04-11 }}</ref> On 23 December 2013, GitHub announced it had reached 10 million repositories.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://github.com/blog/1724-10-million-repositories |title = 10 Million Repositories |publisher = GitHub.com |date = 2013-12-23 |accessdate = 2013-12-28 }}</ref>

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On 29 July 2015, GitHub announced it had raised $250 million in funding in a round led by [[Sequoia Capital]]. The round valued the company at approximately $2 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://fortune.com/2015/07/29/github-raises-250-million-in-new-funding-now-valued-at-2-billion/ |title = GitHub raises $250 million in new funding, now valued at $2 billion |publisher = Fortune |date = 2015-07-29 }}</ref>

In 2016, GitHub was ranked #14 on the [[Forbes|Forbes Cloud 100]] list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/cloud100/|title=Forbes Cloud 100|publisherwork=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=31 October 2016}}</ref>

With the first release on July 21, 2017, [[Brave (web browser)| Brave ]] web browser features Github as one of its default search engines.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brave Browser Github page|url=https://github.com/brave/browser-laptop|website=Github|accessdate=10 August 2017}}</ref>

'''In November 2017, GitHub introduced security alerts for vulnerabilities in software packages that their projects depend upon.'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/open-sources-big-weak-spot-flawed-libraries-lurking-in-key-apps/|title=Open source's big weak spot? Flawed libraries lurking in key apps {{!}} ZDNet|last=Tung|first=Liam|work=ZDNet|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en}}</ref>''' The security alerts service is based on a GitHub "dependency graphs" and include severity levels and suggested fixes.'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/3230461/application-development/whats-new-at-github-dependency-management-security-alerts.html|title=What’sWhat's new at GitHub: dependency management, security alerts|last=Krill|first=Paul|work=InfoWorld|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2017/11/20/github-vulnerability-security-alerts/|title=GitHub starts alerting developers of security vulnerabilities in dependencies - Help Net Security|date=2017-11-20|work=Help Net Security|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en-US}}</ref>'''

=== Censorship ===

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=== Harassment allegations ===

In March 2014, GitHub programmer Julie Ann Horvath alleged that founder and CEO [[Tom Preston-Werner]] and his wife Theresa engaged in a pattern of harassment against her that led to her leaving the company.<ref name="Valleywag March 2014">{{cite web|last1=Biddle |first1=Sam |last2=Tiku |first2=Nitasha |title=Meet the Married Duo Behind Tech's Biggest New Harassment Scandal |url=http://valleywag.gawker.com/meet-the-married-duo-behind-techs-biggest-new-harassme-1545685104 |accessdate=March 17, 2014 |newspaper=[[Vallywag]] |publisher=Gawker |date=March 17, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317225437/http://valleywag.gawker.com/meet-the-married-duo-behind-techs-biggest-new-harassme-1545685104 |archivedate=17 March 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> In April 2014, GitHub released a statement denying Horvath's allegations.<ref name="NYTResigns">{{cite web |url = http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/21/github-founder-resigns-after-investigation/?_php=true&_type=blogs&hp&_r=0 |title = GitHub Founder Resigns After Investigation |first = Claire Cain |last = Miller |publisher = The New York Times |work = Bits |date = April 21, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://techcrunch.com/2014/04/21/github-denies-allegations-of-gender-based-harassment-co-founder-preston-werner-resigns/ |title = GitHub Denies Allegations Of "Gender-Based Harassment," Co-Founder Preston-Werner Resigns |work = TechCrunch |last = Wilhelm |first = Alex |date = April 21, 2014 }}</ref> However, following an internal investigation, GitHub confirmed the claims. GitHub's CEO Chris Wanstrath wrote on the company [[blog]], "The investigation found Tom Preston-Werner in his capacity as GitHub’s CEO acted inappropriately, including confrontational conduct, disregard of workplace complaints, insensitivity to the impact of his spouse's presence in the workplace, and failure to enforce an agreement that his spouse should not work in the office."<ref name="Follow up to the investigation results">{{cite web |url = https://github.com/blog/1826-follow-up-to-the-investigation-results |title = Follow up to the investigation results |date = April 28, 2014 }}</ref> Preston-Werner then resigned from the company. In 2017 more allegations were made of discriminatory and unsupportive behavior at Github by a developer, who had been recruited following a commitment by Github to improve its diversity and inclusivity.<ref> {{cite web|title = Antisocial Coding: My Year at GitHub,|last=Ehmke |first=Coraline Ada [[blog]] |url=http://where.coraline.codes/blog/my-year-at-github/ |accessdate = July 5, 2017 }}</ref>

=== Mascot ===

GitHub's [[mascot]], Octocat, is an [[anthropomorphized]] female cat with five [[Cephalopod limb|octopus-like arms]].<ref name="Octodex FAQ" /><ref name="Jaramillo"/> The character was created by graphic designer [[Simon Oxley]] as [[clip art]] to sell on [[iStock]],<ref name="DeAmicis">{{Cite websiteweb |url=http://pando.com/2013/07/08/original-github-octocat-designer-simon-oxley-on-his-famous-creation-i-dont-remember-drawing-it/ |title=Original GitHub Octocat designer Simon Oxley on his famous creation: "I don’tdon't remember drawing it" |last=DeAmicis |first=Carmel |date=8 July 2013 |website=[[PandoDaily]] |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref> a website that enables designers to market [[royalty-free]] [[digital image]]s.

GitHub became interested in Oxley's work after [[Twitter]] selected a bird that he designed for their own logo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fastcodesign.com/1672164/meet-the-accidental-designer-of-the-github-and-twitter-logos |title=Meet the Accidental Designer of the GitHub and Twitter Logos |last=Campbell-Dollaghan |first=Kelsey |date=26 April 2013 |website=Co.Design |publisher=Fast Company |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref> The illustration GitHub chose was a character that Oxley had named Octopuss.<ref name="DeAmicis"/> Since GitHub wanted Octopuss for their logo (a use that the iStock license disallows), they negotiated with Oxley to buy exclusive rights to the image.<ref name="DeAmicis"/>