Chaperone code: Difference between revisions

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The '''Chaperone code''' refers to modifications of molecular chaperones that control protein folding. While the [[genetic code]] specifies how DNA makes proteins, while the [[histone code]] rules genomic transactions, the chaperone code controls how proteins are folded to produce a functional [[proteome]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Nitika|last2=Porter|first2=Corey M.|last3=Truman|first3=Andrew W.|last4=Truttmann|first4=Matthias C.|date=2020-07-31|title=Post-translational modifications of Hsp70 family proteins: Expanding the chaperone code|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7397107/|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume=295|issue=31|pages=10689–10708|doi=10.1074/jbc.REV120.011666|issn=0021-9258|pmc=7397107|pmid=32518165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Backe|first=Sarah J.|last2=Sager|first2=Rebecca A.|last3=Woodford|first3=Mark R.|last4=Makedon|first4=Alan M.|last5=Mollapour|first5=Mehdi|date=2020-08-07|title=Post-translational modifications of Hsp90 and translating the chaperone code|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7415980/|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume=295|issue=32|pages=11099–11117|doi=10.1074/jbc.REV120.011833|issn=0021-9258|pmc=7415980|pmid=32527727}}</ref>

The chaperone code refers to the combinatorial array of post-translational modifications (enzymes add chemical modifications to amino acids that change their properties) - i.e. phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, methylation, etc - that are added to [[molecular chaperones]] to modulate their activity. Molecular chaperones are proteins specialized in folding and unfolding of the other cellular proteins, and the assembly and dismantling of protein complexes. This is critical in the regulation of protein-protein interactions and many cellular functions.

The chaperone code concept posits that combinations of posttranslational modifications at the surface of chaperones, including phosphorylation, acetylation<ref name=":0" />, methylation,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jakobsson|first=Magnus E.|last2=Moen|first2=Anders|last3=Bousset|first3=Luc|last4=Egge-Jacobsen|first4=Wolfgang|last5=Kernstock|first5=Stefan|last6=Melki|first6=Ronald|last7=Falnes|first7=Pål Ø.|date=2013-09-27|title=Identification and Characterization of a Novel Human Methyltransferase Modulating Hsp70 Protein Function through Lysine Methylation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3784692/|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume=288|issue=39|pages=27752–27763|doi=10.1074/jbc.M113.483248|issn=0021-9258|pmc=3784692|pmid=23921388}}</ref> ubiquitination,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kampinga|first=Harm H.|last2=Craig|first2=Elizabeth A.|date=August 2010|title=The Hsp70 chaperone machinery: J-proteins as drivers of functional specificity|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003299/|journal=Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology|volume=11|issue=8|pages=579–592|doi=10.1038/nrm2941|issn=1471-0072|pmc=3003299|pmid=20651708|via=}}</ref> etc, control protein folding/unfolding and protein complex assembly/disassembly by stipulatingregulation of substrate specificity, activity, subcellular localization and co-factor binding. <ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.02.010 |pmid=23459247 |pmc=4492711 |title=Regulation of molecular chaperones through post-translational modifications: Decrypting the chaperone code |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms |volume=1829 |issue=5 |pages=443–54 |year=2013 |last1=Cloutier |first1=Philippe |last2=Coulombe |first2=Benoit }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003210 |pmid=23349634 |pmc=3547847 |title=A Newly Uncovered Group of Distantly Related Lysine Methyltransferases Preferentially Interact with Molecular Chaperones to Regulate Their Activity |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=e1003210 |year=2013 |last1=Cloutier |first1=Philippe |last2=Lavallée-Adam |first2=Mathieu |last3=Faubert |first3=Denis |last4=Blanchette |first4=Mathieu |last5=Coulombe |first5=Benoit }}</ref> Because posttranslational modifications are marks that can be added and removed rapidly, they provide an efficient mechanism to explain the plasticity observed in proteome organization during cell growth and development.