Manually coded language: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 20:40, 3 September 2020

Revision as of 01:02, 13 September 2020

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It is unknown when the first attempts were made to represent an oral language with gesture. Indeed, some have speculated that oral languages may have evolved from sign languages, and there may be undocumented cases in history when vocal and signed modes of a language existed side by side. It is not uncommon for people to develop gestures to replace words or phrases in contexts where speech is not possible or not permitted, such as in a [[television studio]], but these are usually limited in scope and rarely develop into complete representations of an oral language. One of the most elaborated examples of this kind of auxiliary manual system is [[Warlpiri Sign Language]], a complete signed mode of [[Warlpiri language|spoken Warlpiri]] which was developed by an [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] community in [[central Australia]] due to cultural proscriptions against speech. Sign language linguists usually make a distinction between these [[auxiliary sign language]]s and manually coded languages; the latter are specifically designed for use in Deaf education, and usually represent the written form of the language.

In seventh century England, the years of (672-735CE735), [[Bede|Venerable Bede]], a [[Benedictine]] monk, proposed a system for representing the letters of the [[Latin script]] on the fingers called fingerspelling. [[Monastic sign language]]s used throughout [[medieval Europe]] used [[manual alphabet]]s as well as signs, and were capable of representing a written language, if one had enough patience. Aside from the commonly understood rationale of observing a "[[Vow of silence|vowsvow of silence]]", they also served as [[mnemonic]]s (memory aids) for preachers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://exhibits.library.yale.edu/exhibits/show/deafculture/manualsystems|title=Manually Coded Language and Alternate Sign Systems · Deaf: Cultures and Communication, 1600 to the Present · Online Exhibits@Yale|website=exhibits.library.yale.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> These manual alphabets began to be used to teach the deaf children of royalty in 17th century Spain. Such alphabets are in widespread use today by signing deaf communities for representing words or phrases of the oral language used in their part of the world.

The earliest known attempt to develop a complete signed mode of a language which could be used to teach deaf children was by the [[Abbé de l'Épée]], an educator from 18th century France. While the Deaf community already used a sign language (now known as [[Old French Sign Language]]), Épée thought it must be primitive, and set about designing a complete visual-gestural system to represent the concepts of religion and law that he wanted to impart to his pupils. His system of ''signes méthodiques'' (usually known in English as "Methodical Signs") was quite idiosyncratic, and although it wasn't a strict representation of French, its success laid the groundwork for the "[[#Signed oral languages|signed oral languages]]" of today. The real proliferation of such systems occurred in the latter half of the 20th century, and by the 1980s manually coded languages were the dominant form of communication used by teachers and interpreters in classrooms with deaf students in many parts of the world. Most sign language "[[interpreting]]" seen on television in the 1970s and 1980s would have in fact been a [[transliteration]] of an oral language into a manually coded language.

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| rowspan="7" | [[English language|English]]

| English (see [[Manually Codedgeneric English]]) || The "[[Rochester Method]]"—(different [[manual alphabet]]salphabets are used in different regions). [[Signed English]] depends on signs from the local sign language.

|-

| [[American English]] || [[American Signed English]]; [[Seeing Essential English]] (SEE1); [[Signing Exact English]] (SEE2); [[Linguistics of Visual English]] (LOVE); [[Conceptually Accurate Signed English]] (CASE)

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| [[British English]] || [[British Signed English]]; [[Sign Supported Speech]] (SSS) or Sign Supported English (SSE) (speaking English with key-word signing); [[Paget Gorman Signed Speech]] (PGSS)

|-

| [[Hiberno-English]] (Ireland) || [[Irish Signed English]], using signs from [[Irish Sign Language]] (Ireland) and [[Signed English]], using signs from [[Northern Ireland Sign Language]] (Northern Ireland)

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| [[Kenyan English]] || [[Kenya Signed English]]

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| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || [[Signed Finnish]]<ref>{{e17|fse|Finnish Sign Language}}</ref>

|-

| rowspancolspan="32" | [[French language|French]] || [[Signed French]]

| French || le Français Signé ([[Signed French]], France)

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| [[Belgian French]] || [[Signed French]] (Belgium)

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| [[Canadian French]] || [[Signed French]] (Canada)

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| colspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Signed German]] - Lautsprachbegleitende Gebärden (LBG, "signs accompanying speech") and Lautsprachunterstützende Gebärden (LUG, "signs supporting speech")<ref>[[:de:Lautsprachbegleitende Gebärden#Lautsprachunterst.C3.BCtzende Geb.C3.A4rden|article on German Wikipedia about LBG and LUG]]</ref>

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==See also==

* [[Contact sign]] — a variety or style of signing arising from contact between a spoken or manually coded language and a deaf sign language.

* [[Manual alphabetFingerspelling]] — a means of representing the written alphabet of an oral language, but often a central part of natural sign languages.

* [[Makaton]]