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'''Plate readers''', also known as '''microplate readers''' or '''microplate photometers''', are instruments which are used to detect [[biology|biological]], [[chemistry|chemical]] or [[physics|physical]] events of samples in [[microtiter plate]]s. They are widely used in research, [[drug discovery]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Neves|first=Bruno Junior|last2=Agnes|first2=Jonathan Paulo|last3=Gomes|first3=Marcelo do Nascimento|last4=Henriques Donza|first4=Marcio Roberto|last5=Gonçalves|first5=Rosângela Mayer|last6=Delgobo|first6=Marina|last7=Ribeiro de Souza Neto|first7=Lauro|last8=Senger|first8=Mario Roberto|last9=Silva-Junior|first9=Floriano Paes|last10=Ferreira|first10=Sabrina Baptista|last11=Zanotto-Filho|first11=Alfeu|date=2020-03-01|title=Efficient identification of novel anti-glioma lead compounds by machine learning models|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S022352341931133X|journal=European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry|language=en|volume=189|pages=111981|doi=10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111981|issn=0223-5234}}</ref> bioassay validation, quality control and manufacturing processes in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industry and academic organizations. Sample reactions can be assayed in 1-1536 well format microtiter plates. The most common microplate format used in academic research laboratories or clinical diagnostic laboratories is 96-well (8 by 12 matrix) with a typical reaction volume between 100 and 200 µL per well. Higher density microplates (384- or 1536-well microplates) are typically used for screening applications, when throughput (number of samples per day processed) and assay cost per sample become critical parameters, with a typical assay volume between 5 and 50 µL per well. Common detection modes for microplate assays are absorbance, [[fluorescence]] intensity, [[luminescence]], [[Time-resolved spectroscopy#Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy|time-resolved fluorescence]], and [[fluorescence polarization]].
==Methods==
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*Cell toxicity, proliferation, and viability
*ATP quantification
*[[Immunoassays]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ashour|first=Mohamed-Bassem A.|last2=Gee|first2=Shirley J.|last3=Hammock|first3=Bruce D.|date=1987-11-01|title=Use of a 96-well microplate reader for measuring routine enzyme activities|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0003269787905859|journal=Analytical Biochemistry|language=en|volume=166|issue=2|pages=353–360|doi=10.1016/0003-2697(87)90585-9|issn=0003-2697}}</ref>
*[[High throughput screening]] of compounds and targets in drug discovery
*Bead-Based Epitope Assay<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suprun |first1=Maria |last2=Getts |first2=Robert |last3=Raghunathan |first3=Rohit |last4=Grishina |first4=Galina |last5=Witmer |first5=Marc |last6=Gimenez |first6=Gustavo |last7=Sampson |first7=Hugh A. |last8=Suárez-Fariñas |first8=Mayte |title=Novel Bead-Based Epitope Assay is a sensitive and reliable tool for profiling epitope-specific antibody repertoire in food allergy |journal=Scientific Reports |date=5 December 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=18425 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-54868-7 |pmid=31804555 |pmc=6895130 |bibcode=2019NatSR...918425S }}</ref>
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