Randomized experiment: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 18:30, 21 December 2020

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{{short description|Experiment using randomness in some aspect, usually to aid in removal of bias}}

[[Image:Flowchart of Phases of Parallel Randomized Trial - Modified from CONSORT 2010.png|thumb|250px|right|Flowchart of four phases (enrollment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and data analysis) of a parallel randomized trial of two groups, modified from the [[Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials|CONSORT 2010 Statement]]<ref name="Schulz-2010">{{Cite journal | author = Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D; for the CONSORT Group |name-list-style=amp | title = CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials | journal = BMJ | volume = 340 | pages = c332 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.c332 | url = http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/340/mar23_1/c332 | pmid = 20332509 | pmc = 2844940 }}</ref>]] In [[scientific method|science]], '''randomized experiments''' are the [[experiment]]s that allow the greatest reliability and validity of statistical estimates of treatment effects. Randomization-based inference is especially important in [[experimental design]] and in [[survey sampling]].

== Overview ==

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| first = Ron

|author2=Deng, Alex |author3=Frasca, Brian |author4=Longbotham, Roger |author5=Walker, Toby |author6= Xu Ya

| booktitlebook-title = Proceedings of the 18th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining

| year = 2012}}</ref>

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| last = Deng

| first = Alex |author2=Xu, Ya |author3=Kohavi, Ron |author4=Walker, Toby

| booktitlebook-title = WSDM 2013: Sixth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining

| year = 2013}}</ref>

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</ref>

Randomized experiments were institutionalized in psychology and education in the late eighteen-hundreds, following the invention of randomized experiments by [[Charles Sanders Peirce|C. S. Peirce]].<ref>{{cite journal| author=[[Charles Sanders Peirce]] and [[Joseph Jastrow]]| year=1885|title=On Small Differences in Sensation| journal=Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=3|pages=73–83|url=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm}} http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1086/354775| first=Ian |last=Hacking| authorlinkauthor-link=Ian Hacking | title=Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]| issue=3| volume=79| date=September 1988 |pages=427–451| mr = 1013489| jstor=234674}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1086/444032|author=Stephen M. Stigler|title=A Historical View of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research| journal=American Journal of Education| volume=101| issue=1| date=November 1992|pages=60–70|author-link=Stephen M. Stigler}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/383850|author=Trudy Dehue|title=Deception, Efficiency, and Random Groups: Psychology and the Gradual Origination of the Random Group Design|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]| volume=88| issue=4| date=December 1997| pages=653–673|pmid=9519574|url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/71855616/237831.pdf}}</ref>

Outside of psychology and education, randomized experiments were popularized by [[R.A. Fisher]] in his book ''[[Statistical Methods for Research Workers]]'', which also introduced additional principles of experimental design.

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|url = https://archive.org/details/blockdesignsrand0002cali

}}

* {{cite journal|doi=10.1086/354775|first=Ian |last=Hacking| authorlinkauthor-link=Ian Hacking | title=Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]|issue=3|volume=79|date=September 1988 |pages=427–451| mr = 1013489| jstor=234674}}

*{{cite book| last1=Hinkelmann| first1=Klaus| last2=Kempthorne| first2=Oscar| year=2008| title=Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design| url=https://books.google.com/?id=T3wWj2kVYZgC&printsec=frontcover| edition=Second| publisher= Wiley | isbn=978-0-471-72756-9 |mr=2363107 |authorlink2author-link2=Oscar Kempthorne}}

* {{cite book| last=Kempthorne|first=Oscar |chapter=Intervention experiments, randomization and inference|title=Current Issues in Statistical Inference&mdash;Essays in Honor of D. Basu | editor=Malay Ghosh and Pramod K. Pathak | pages=13&ndash;31 | publisher=Institute for Mathematical Statistics |___location=Hayward, CA | chapter-url=http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.lnms/1215458836 | doi=10.1214/lnms/1215458836 | mr=1194407|authorlinkauthor-link=Oscar Kempthorne|series=Institute of Mathematical Statistics Lecture Notes - Monograph Series |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-940600-24-9 }}

{{Experimental design}}