Multivariate map: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:49, 8 November 2020

Revision as of 18:09, 8 November 2020

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[[Charles Joseph Minard]] became a master at creating visualizations that combined multiple variables, often mixing [[Choropleth map | choropleth]], [[Flow map|flow lines]], [[Proportional symbol map |proportional symbols]], and [[Chart|statistical charts]] to tell complex stories visually.<ref name="tufte2006">{{cite book |last1=Tufte |first1=Edward |title=Beautiful Evidence |date=2006 |publisher=Graphics Press}}</ref>

The first modern bivariate choropleth maps were published by the U.S. Census Bureau in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Morton A. |last2=Broome |first2=Frederick R. |last3=Schweitzer |first3=Richard H. Jr. |title=Color Statistical Mapping by the U.S. Bureau of the Census |journal=The American Cartographer |date=1975 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=101-117 |doi=10.1559/152304075784313250}}</ref> Their often complex patterns of multiple colors has drawn acclaim and criticism ever since,<ref name="wainter1980">{{cite journal |last1=Wainer |first1=Howard |last2=Francolini |first2=Carl M. |title=An Empirical Inquiry concerning Human Understanding of Two-Variable Color Maps |journal=The American Statistician |date=1980 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=81-93 |doi=10.1080/00031305.1980.10483006}}</ref> but has also led to research to discover effective design techniques.<ref name="Olson1981">{{cite journal |last1=Olson |first1=Judy M. |title=Spectrally encoded two-variable maps |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |date=1981 |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=259-276}}</ref><ref name="trumbo1981">{{cite journal |last1=Trumbo |first1=Bruce E. |title=A Theory for Coloring Bivariate Statistical Maps |journal=The American Statistician |date=1981 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=220-226 |doi=10.1080/00031305.1981.10479360}}</ref>

Starting in the 1980s, computer software, including the [[Geographic information system]] (GIS) facilitated the design and production of multivariate maps.<ref>Dunn R., (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2685372 A dynamic approach to two-variable color mapping]. ''The American Statistician'', Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 245–252</ref> In fact, a tool for automatically generating bivariate choropleth maps was introduced in [[Esri]]'s ArcGIS Pro in 2020.