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===Divided attention===
There are several factors that contribute to the exceptional performance of a skill: memory capacities,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chase | first1 = W. G. | last2 = Simon | first2 = H. A. | year = 1973 | title = Perception in chess | journal = Cognitive Psychology | volume = 4 | pages = 55–81 | doi=10.1016/0010-0285(73)90004-2}}</ref><ref>Starkes, J. L., & Deakin, J. (1984). Perception in sport: A cognitive approach to skilled performance. In W. F. Straub & J. M. Williams (Eds.), Cognitive sport psychology (pp. 115–128). Lansing, MI: Sport Science Associates.</ref> knowledge structures,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chi | first1 = M. T. | last2 = Feltovich | first2 = P. J. | last3 = Glaser | first3 = R. | year = 1981 | title = Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices | journal = Cognitive Science | volume = 5 | issue = 2| pages = 121–152 | doi=10.1207/s15516709cog0502_2| doi-access = free }}</ref> problem-solving abilities,<ref>Tenenbaum, G., & Bar-Eli, M. (1993). Decision-making in sport: A cognitive perspective. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphey, & L. K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 171–192). New York: Macmillan.</ref> and attentional abilities.<ref name="attention">{{cite journal | last1 = Beilock | first1 = S.L. | last2 = Carr | first2 = T.H. | last3 = MacMahon | first3 = C. | last4 = Starkes | first4 = J.L. | year = 2002 | title = When Paying Attention Becomes Counterproductive: Impact of Divided Versus Skill-Focused Attention on Novice and Experienced Performance of Sensorimotor Skills | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/3bbd5a432c08263b0bebcc888d9592ffe4bec50f| journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied | volume = 8 | issue = 1| pages = 6–16 | doi=10.1037/1076-898x.8.1.6| pmid = 12009178 | s2cid = 15358285 }}</ref> They all play key roles, each with its own degree of importance based on the procedures and skills required, the context, and the intended goals of the performance. Using these individualized abilities to compare how experts and novices differ regarding both cognitive and sensorimotor skills has provided a wealth of insight into what makes an expert excellent, and conversely, what sorts of mechanisms novices lack. Evidence suggests that an often overlooked condition for skill excellence is attentional mechanisms involved in the effective utilization and deployment of procedural memory during the real-time execution of skills. Research suggests that early in skill learning, execution is controlled by a set of unintegrated procedural steps that are held in working memory and attended to one-by-one in a step-by-step fashion.<ref>Anderson, J. R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</ref><ref name="Anderson, J. R. 1993">Anderson, J. R. (1993). Rules of mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.</ref><ref>Proctor, R. W., & Dutta, A. (1995). Skill acquisition and human performance. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</ref> The problem with this is that attention is a limited resource. Therefore, this step-by-step process of controlling task performance occupies attentional capacity which in turn reduces the performer's ability to focus on other aspects of the performance, such as decision making, fine motor-skills, self-monitoring of energy level and "seeing the field or ice or court". However, with practice, procedural knowledge develops, which operates largely outside of working memory, and thus allows for skills to be executed more automatically.<ref name="Anderson, J. R. 1993"/><ref name="Langer, E. 1979">{{cite journal | last1 = Langer | first1 = E. | last2 = Imber | first2 = G. | year = 1979 | title = When practice makes imperfect: Debilitating effects of overlearning | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 37 | issue = 11| pages = 2014–2024 | doi=10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2014| pmid = 521900 }}</ref> This, of course, has a very positive effect on overall performance by freeing the mind of the need to closely monitor and attend to the more basic, mechanical skills, so that attention can be paid to other processes.<ref name="attention"/>
===Choking under pressure===
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The [[dorsolateral]] striatum is associated with the acquisition of habits and is the main neuronal cell nucleus linked to procedural memory. Connecting excitatory [[afferent nerve fiber]]s help in the regulation of activity in the basal ganglia circuit. Essentially, two parallel information processing pathways diverge from the striatum. Both acting in opposition to each other in the control of movement, they allow for association with other needed functional structures<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Alexander | first1 = GE | last2 = Crutcher | first2 = MD | year = 1990 | title = Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits; neural substrates of parallel processing | journal = Trends Neurosci | volume = 13 | issue = 7| pages = 266–271 | doi=10.1016/0166-2236(90)90107-l | pmid=1695401| s2cid = 3990601 }}</ref> One pathway is direct while the other is indirect and all pathways work together to allow for a functional neural feedback loop. Many looping circuits connect back at the striatum from other areas of the brain; including those from the emotion-center linked limbic cortex, the reward-center linked [[ventral striatum]] and other important motor regions related to movement.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Haber | first1 = SN | last2 = Fudge | first2 = JL | last3 = McFarland | first3 = NR | year = 2000 | title = Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum | journal = J. Neurosci. | volume = 20 | issue = 6| pages = 2369–2382 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-06-02369.2000 | pmid = 10704511 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The main looping circuit involved in the motor skill part of procedural memory is usually called the cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus-cortex loop.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Parent | first1 = A | year = 1990 | title = Extrinsic connections of the basal ganglia | journal = Trends Neurosci | volume = 13 | issue = 7| pages = 254–258 | doi=10.1016/0166-2236(90)90105-j| pmid = 1695399 | s2cid = 3995498 }}</ref>
The striatum is unique because it lacks the [[glutamate]]-related neurons found throughout most of the brain. Instead, it is categorized by a high concentration of a special type of [[GABA]] related inhibiting cell known as the [[medium spiny neuron]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = Y. | last2 = Raju | first2 = D. V. | last3 = Pare | first3 = J. F. | last4 = Sidibe | first4 = M. | year = 2004 | title = The thalamostriatal system: a highly specific network of the basal ganglia circuitry | url = https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/99588f5770f5388d0c260eb6b70b9c88ebff0171| journal = Trends Neurosci | volume = 27 | issue = 9| pages = 520–527 | doi=10.1016/j.tins.2004.07.004| pmid = 15331233 | s2cid = 22202019 }}</ref> The two parallel pathways previously mentioned travel to and from the striatum and are made up of these same special medium spiny neurons. These neurons are all sensitive to different neurotransmitters and contain a variety of corresponding receptors including dopamine receptors ([[DRD1]], [[DRD2]]), [[muscarinic receptors]] (M4) and [[adenosine receptors]] (A2A). Separate interneurons are known to communicate with striatal spiny neurons in the presence of the [[somatic nervous system]] neurotransmitter [[acetylcholine]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Zhou | first1 = FM | last2 = Wilson | first2 = CJ | last3 = Dani | first3 = JA | year = 2002 | title = Cholinergic Interneuron characteristics and nicotinic properties in the striatum | journal = J. Neurobiol. | volume = 53 | issue = 4| pages = 590–605 | doi=10.1002/neu.10150 | pmid=12436423| doi-access = free }}</ref>
Current understanding of brain anatomy and physiology suggests that striatal neural plasticity is what allows basal ganglia circuits to communicate between structures and to functionally operate in procedural memory processing.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kreitzer | first1 = AC | year = 2009 | title = Physiology and pharmacology of striatal neurons | journal = Annual Review of Neuroscience| volume = 32 | pages = 127–47 | doi=10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135422| pmid = 19400717 }}</ref>
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