Outline of natural language processing: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 05:32, 29 December 2020

Revision as of 13:31, 30 January 2021

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Natural language processing can be described as all of the following:

* A field of [[science]] &ndash; systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.<ref>"... modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions."&nbsp;—p.vii, [[J. L. Heilbron]], (2003, editor-in-chief) ''The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science'' New York: Oxford University Press {{ISBN|0-19-511229-6}}

*{{cite dictionary |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |title=science |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/science |accessdateaccess-date=2011-10-16 |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]], Inc |quote='''3 a:''' knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method '''b:''' such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena }}

<!--{{sfn|Popper|2002|p=3}}--></ref>

** An [[applied science]] &ndash; field that applies human knowledge to build or design useful things.

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| title = Computing Degrees & Careers

| publisher = ACM

| accessdateaccess-date = 2010-11-23

| archive-date = 2011-06-17

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110617053818/http://computingcareers.acm.org/?page_id=12

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}}</ref><ref>

{{cite book | last = Laplante | first = Phillip | title = What Every Engineer Should Know about Software Engineering | publisher = CRC | ___location = Boca Raton

| year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-8493-7228-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pFHYk0KWAEgC&q=What%20Every%20Engineer%20Should%20Know%20about%20Software%20Engineering.&pg=PA1 | accessdateaccess-date = 2011-01-21 }}

</ref>

**** A subfield of [[computer programming]] &ndash; process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. This source code is written in one or more programming languages (such as Java, C++, C#, Python, etc.). The purpose of programming is to create a set of instructions that computers use to perform specific operations or to exhibit desired behaviors.

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*[[CTAKES]] &ndash; open-source natural language processing system for information extraction from electronic medical record clinical free-text. It processes clinical notes, identifying types of clinical named entities — drugs, diseases/disorders, signs/symptoms, anatomical sites and procedures. Each named entity has attributes for the text span, the ontology mapping code, context (family history of, current, unrelated to patient), and negated/not negated. Also known as Apache cTAKES.

*[[Digital Media Access Protocol|DMAP]] &ndash;

* [[ETAP-3]] &ndash; proprietary linguistic processing system focusing on English and Russian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iitp.ru/ru/science/works/452.htm |title=МНОГОЦЕЛЕВОЙ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЙ ПРОЦЕССОР ЭТАП-3 |publisher=Iitp.ru |accessdateaccess-date=2012-02-14}}</ref> It is a [[Rule-based machine translation|rule-based system]] which uses the [[Meaning-Text Theory]] as its theoretical foundation.

* [[JAPE (linguistics)|JAPE]] &ndash; the Java Annotation Patterns Engine, a component of the open-source General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) platform. JAPE is a finite state transducer that operates over annotations based on regular expressions.

* [[LOLITA]] &ndash; "Large-scale, Object-based, Linguistic Interactor, Translator and Analyzer". LOLITA was developed by Roberto Garigliano and colleagues between 1986 and 2000. It was designed as a general-purpose tool for processing unrestricted text that could be the basis of a wide variety of applications. At its core was a semantic network containing some 90,000 interlinked concepts.

* [[Maluuba]] &ndash; intelligent personal assistant for Android devices, that uses a contextual approach to search which takes into account the user's geographic ___location, contacts, and language.

* [[METAL MT]] &ndash; machine translation system developed in the 1980s at the University of Texas and at Siemens which ran on Lisp Machines.

* [[Never-Ending Language Learning]] &ndash; semantic machine learning system developed by a research team at Carnegie Mellon University, and supported by grants from DARPA, Google, and the NSF, with portions of the system running on a supercomputing cluster provided by Yahoo!.<ref name=NYT2010>{{cite news |title=Aiming to Learn as We Do, a Machine Teaches Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/science/05compute.html?hpw=&pagewanted=all |quote=Since the start of the year, a team of researchers at Carnegie Mellon University — supported by grants from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and Google, and tapping into a research supercomputing cluster provided by Yahoo — has been fine-tuning a computer system that is trying to master semantics by learning more like a human. |work=[[New York Times]] |date=October 4, 2010 |accessdateaccess-date=2010-10-05 }}</ref> NELL was programmed by its developers to be able to identify a basic set of fundamental semantic relationships between a few hundred predefined categories of data, such as cities, companies, emotions and sports teams. Since the beginning of 2010, the Carnegie Mellon research team has been running NELL around the clock, sifting through hundreds of millions of web pages looking for connections between the information it already knows and what it finds through its search process – to make new connections in a manner that is intended to mimic the way humans learn new information.<ref>[http://rtw.ml.cmu.edu/rtw/overview Project Overview], [[Carnegie Mellon University]]. Accessed October 5, 2010.</ref>

* [[NLTK]] &ndash;

* [[Online-translator.com]] &ndash;

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*[[Jeeney AI]]

*[[MegaHAL]]

*[[Mitsuku]], 2013 and 2016 [[Loebner Prize]] winner<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paulmckevitt.com/loebner2013/|title=Loebner Prize Contest 2013 |publisher=People.exeter.ac.uk |date=2013-09-14 |accessdateaccess-date=2013-12-02}}</ref>

*Rose - ... 2015 - 3x [[Loebner Prize]] winner, by [[Bruce Wilcox]].

*[[SimSimi]] - A popular artificial intelligence conversation program that was created in 2002 by ISMaker.

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| first = Al

| title = Circle of buddies grows ever wider

| work = Las Vegas Review-Journal (Nevada) <!--| accessdateaccess-date = 2009-03-30-->

| date = 2002-03-25

}}</ref>

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| title = ActiveBuddy Introduces Software to Create and Deploy Interactive Agents for Text Messaging; ActiveBuddy Developer Site Now Open: www.BuddyScript.com

| work = Business Wire

|accessdateaccess-date=2014-01-16

| date = 2002-07-15

}}</ref>

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| number = 2

| date = Summer 1998

| accessdateaccess-date = 2010-07-26

| url = http://www.foo.be/docs/tpj/issues/vol3_2/tpj0302-0002.html

}}</ref>

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| url = http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~pjh/sem1a5/pt1/pt1_history.html

| title = SEM1A5 - Part 1 - A brief history of NLP

| accessdateaccess-date = 2010-06-25

}}</ref>

* [[Kenneth Colby]] &ndash;