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p = 0,\dots,n-2. </math>
(Recall that ''x''<sub>''k''</sub> and ''f''<sub>''j''</sub> are implicitly periodic in ''n'', and also that ''e''<sup>2πi</sup>=1. Thus, all indices and exponents are taken modulo ''n'' as required by the group arithmetic.)
The final summation, above, is precisely a cyclic convolution of the two sequences ''a''<sub>''q''</sub> and ''b''<sub>''q''</sub> of length ''n''-1 (''q'' = 0,...,''n''-2) defined by:
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