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"Modeling" in NLP is the process of adopting the behaviors, language, strategies and beliefs of another person or exemplar in order to 'build a model of what they do.
The original models were: [[Milton Erickson]] ([[hypnotherapy]]), [[Virginia Satir]] ([[family therapy]]), and [[Fritz Perls]] ([[gestalt therapy]]). NLP modeling methods are designed to unconsciously assimilate the tacit knowledge to learn what the master is doing of which the master is not aware. As an approach to learning it can involve modeling exceptional people.<ref name="Jacobson 1994">Jacobson, S. (1994) Info-line: practical guidelines for training and development professionals, ''American Society For Training and Development'' Alexandria, VA. [http://sidjacobson.com/institute/history.html Adapted version available online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610030957/http://www.sidjacobson.com/institute/history.html |date=2007-06-10 }}</ref> As Bandler and Grinder state "the function of NLP modeling is to arrive at descriptions which are useful."<ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1979"/>{{ufs|date=November 2017}} Einspruch & Forman 1985 state that "when modeling another person the modeler suspends his or her own beliefs and adopts the structure of the physiology, language, strategies, and beliefs of the person being modeled. After the modeler is capable of behaviorally reproducing the patterns (of behavior, communication, and behavioral outcomes) of the one being modeled, a process occurs in which the modeler modifies and readopts his or her own belief system while also integrating the beliefs of the one who was modeled."<ref name="Einspruch & Forman 1985">{{cite journal | author=Einspruch, Eric L. | author2=Forman, Bruce D. | title=Observations Concerning Research Literature on Neuro-Linguistic Programming | journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology | year=1985 | volume=32 | pages=589–596 | doi=10.1037/0022-0167.32.4.589 | issue=4}}</ref> Modeling is not confined to therapy, but can be, and is, applied to a broad range of human learning. Another aspect of modeling is understanding the patterns of one's own behaviors in order to 'model' the more successful parts of oneself.
==Milton model==
The '''Milton model''' is a form of hypnotherapy based on the language patterns for hypnotic communication of [[Milton Erickson]], a noted hypnotherapist.<ref name="Barretta 2004">Norma Barretta (2004) Review of Hypnotic Language: Its Structure and Use. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. Bloomingdale: Jan 2004. Vol.46, Iss. 3; pg. 261, 2 pgs</ref> It has been described as "a way of using language to induce and maintain trance in order to contact the hidden resources of our personality".<ref name="OConnor & Seymour 2002">{{cite book | author1=Joseph O'Connor | author2=John Seymour | title=Introducing NLP | ___location=London | publisher=HarperCollins | year=2002 | orig-year=1990 | url=https://archive.org/details/introducingnlpps00jose | isbn=1-85538-344-6 | access-date=2007-04-30 }}</ref> The Milton model has three primary aspects: Firstly, to assist in building and maintaining rapport with the client. Secondly, to overload and distract the conscious mind so that [[unconscious communication]] can be cultivated. Thirdly, to allow for interpretation in the words offered to the client.<ref name="Pruett 2002">Pruett, Julie Annette Sikes (2002) The application of the neuro-linguistic programming model to vocal performance training D.M.A., The University of Texas at Austin, 151 pages; AAT 3108499</ref>
;1. Rapport
The first aspect, building '''rapport''', or empathy, is done to achieve better communication and responsiveness. NLP teaches 'mirroring' or matching body language, posture, breathing, predicates and voice tonality. Rapport is an aspect of 'pacing' or tuning into the client or learners world. Once pacing is established, the practitioner can 'lead' by changing their behavior or perception so the other follows. O'Connor & Seymour in "Introducing NLP" describe rapport as a 'harmonious dance', an extension of natural skills, but warn against mimicry.<ref name="OConnor & Seymour 2002"/>{{unreliable fringe source|date=September 2017}} Singer gives examples of the pantomime effect of mere mimicry by some practitioners which does not create rapport.<ref name="Singer & Lalich 1997">{{cite book | author1=Singer, Margaret | author2=Janja Lalich | name-list-style=amp | title=Crazy Therapies: What Are They? Do They Work? | publisher=Jossey Bass | year=1997 | isbn=0-7879-0278-0 | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780787902780 }}</ref>{{unreliable fringe source|date=September 2017}}
;2. Overloading conscious attention
The second aspect of the Milton model is that it uses ambiguity in language and non-verbal communication.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} This might also be combined with ''vagueness'', which arises when the boundaries of meaning are indistinct.{{clarify|date=September 2017}} The use of ambiguity and vagueness distracts the conscious mind as it tries to work out what is meant which gives the [[unconscious mind]] the opportunity to prosper.{{clarify|date=September 2017}}
;3. Indirect communication
NLP suggests the third aspect of the Milton model is that it is purposely vague and metaphoric for the purpose of accessing the unconscious mind. It is used to soften the meta model and make indirect suggestions.<ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1976">Bandler, Richard & John Grinder (1976). Patterns of the Hypnotic Techniques of Milton H. Erickson, M.D. Volume 1. Cupertino, CA :Meta Publications. {{ISBN|0-916990-01-X}}.</ref> A direct suggestion merely states what is wanted, for example, "when you are in front of the audience you will not feel nervous". In contrast an indirect suggestion is less authoritative and leaves an opportunity for interpretation, for example, "When you are in front of the audience, you might find yourself feeling ever more confident". This example follows the indirect method leaving both the specific time and level of self-confidence unspecified. It might be made even more indirect by saying, "when you come to a decision to speak in public, you may find it appealing how your feelings have changed." The choice of speaking in front of the audience, the exact time and the likely responses to the whole process are framed but the imprecise language gives the client the opportunity to fill in the finer details.<ref name="Zahourek 2002">Rothlyn P Zahourek. (2002) Utilizing Ericksonian hypnosis in psychiatric-mental health nursing practice Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. Philadelphia: Jan-Mar 2002. Vol.38, Iss. 1; pg. 15, 8 pgs</ref>
==Representational systems==
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