Distributed cognition: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 02:37, 14 April 2021

Revision as of 02:42, 14 April 2021

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In 1999, [[Gavriel Salomon]] stated that there were two classes of distributive cognition: shared cognition and off-loading{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}. Shared cognition is that which is shared among people through common activity such as conversation where there is a constant change of cognition based on the other person's responses. An example of off-loading would be using a calculator to do [[arithmetic]] or a creating a grocery list when going shopping. In that sense, the cognitive duties are off-loaded to a material object.

Later, John Sutton (2006)<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1075/pc.14.2.05sut| volume = 14| issue = 2| pages = 235–247| vauthors = Sutton J | title = Distributed cognition: Domains and dimensions| journal = Pragmatics & Cognition| date = January 2006-01-01 }}</ref> defined five appropriate domains of investigation for research in Dcog:

# External cultural tools, artifacts, and symbol systems.

# Natural environmental resources.

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[[Collaborative tagging]] on the [[World Wide Web]] is one of the most recent developments in technological support for distributed cognition. Beginning in 2004<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Mika P | chapter = Ontologies are us: A unified model of social networks and semantics. | title = International semantic web conference | date = November 2005 | pages = 522–536 | publisher = Springer | ___location = Berlin, Heidelberg. | doi = 10.1007/11574620_38 }}</ref> and quickly becoming a standard on websites, collaborative tagging allows users to upload or select materials (e.g. pictures, music files, texts, websites) and associate tags with these materials. Tags can be chosen freely, and are similar to keywords. Other users can then browse through tags; a click on a tag connects a user to similarly tagged materials. Tags furthermore enable [[tag cloud]]s, which graphically represent the popularity of tags, demonstrating co-occurrence relations between tags and thus jump from one tag to another.

Dcog has also been used to understand learning and communication in clinical settings and to obtain an integrated view of clinical workplace learning. It has been observed how medical actors use and connect gestural practices, along with visual and haptic structures of their own bodies and of artifacts such as technological instruments and computational devices. In so doing they co-construct complex, multimodal representations that go beyond the mental representations usually studied from a cognitive perspective of learning (Pimmer, Pachler & Genewein, 2013).<ref name="pmid23887014Pimmer_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pimmer C, Pachler N, Genewein U | title = Reframing clinical workplace learning using the theory of distributed cognition | journal = Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges | volume = 88 | issue = 9 | pages = 1239–45 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23887014 | doi = 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31829eec0a }}</ref>

Distributed cognition can also be seen through cultures and communities. Learning certain habits or following certain traditions is seen as cognition distributed over a group of people. Exploring distributed cognition through community and culture is one way to understand how it may work.

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* Dror, I. E. & Harnad, S. (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708174313/http://cognitiveconsultantsinternational.com/Dror_CT_offloading_cognition_onto_cognitive_technology.pdf Offloading Cognition onto Cognitive Technology]. in I.Dror & S. Harnad (Eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=dZM5AAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Cognition Distributed: How Cognitive Technology Extends Our Minds] (pp 1–23). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.

* [[Francis Heylighen|Heylighen, Francis]]; Heath, Margaret and Van Overwalle, Frank (2003). "The Emergence of Distributed Cognition: a conceptual framework," available on ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249812898_The_Emergence_of_Distributed_Cognition_a_conceptual_framework

* {{cite book | vauthors = Hutchins E |author-link=Edwin Hutchins |year=1995 |title=Cognition in the Wild |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-58146-2}}

* Hutchins, E. (1995) "How a cockpit remembers its speeds". Cognitive Science, 19, 265-288.

* LaGrandeur, K. (1998). [https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED410563.pdf "Splicing Ourselves into the Machine: Electronic Communities, Systems Theory, and Composition Studies."] ERIC, March, 1998: ED 410 563.

* Norman, D.A. (1993) "Things that make us smart" (Addison-Wesley).

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* {{cite book | vauthors = Salomon G |year=1997 |title=Distributed cognitions: Psychological and educational considerations |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn =978-0-521-57423-5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=sVFFnwEACAAJ}}

* Zhang, J. (1997b). "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15516709cog2102_3 The nature of external representations in problem solving]". Cognitive Science 21: 179-217.

* Zhang, J. & Norman, D.A. (1994) "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15516709cog1801_3 Representations in Distributed Cognitive Tasks]", Cognitive Science, 18, 87-122.

* Zhang, J., & Patel, V. L. (2006). [http://www-cogsci.ucsd.edu/~coulson/Courses/200/Zhang-Patel-2006.pdf Distributed cognition, representation, and affordance]. Pragmatics & Cognition, 14(2), 333-341.

* Dror, I.E. & Harnad, S. (eds.) (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dZM5AAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Cognition Distributed: How Cognitive Technology Extends Our Minds]. (258 pp.) John Benjamins, Amsterdam.