Distributed cognition: Difference between revisions

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Daniel L. Schwartz (1978) proposed a distribution of cognition through culture and the distribution of beliefs across the members of a society.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}

In 1998, Mark Perry from [[Brunel University London]] explored the problems and the benefits brought by distributed cognition to "understanding the organisation of information within its contexts." He considered that distributed cognition draws from the [[information processing]] metaphor of cognitive science where a [[system]] is considered in terms of its inputs and outputs and tasks are decomposed into a [[problem space]].<ref name = "Perry_1998">{{cite conference | vauthors = (Perry, M | date = 13–15 August 1998) | url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark_Perry4/publication/2388174_Process_representation_and_taskworld_Distributed_cognition_and_the_organisation_of_information/links/02bfe510b0019a3b25000000.pdf | title = Process, representation and taskworld: distributed cognition and the organisation of information. | conference = Exploring the contexts of information behaviour. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Research in Information Needs, Seeking and Use in different contexts. | ___location = Sheffield, UK | pages = 552–567 }}</ref> He believed that information should be studied through the representation within the media or artifact that represents the information. Cognition is said to be "socially distributed" when it is applied to demonstrate how interpersonal processes can be used to coordinate activity within a social group.

In 1999, [[Gavriel Salomon]] stated that there were two classes of distributive cognition: shared cognition and off-loading{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}. Shared cognition is that which is shared among people through common activity such as conversation where there is a constant change of cognition based on the other person's responses. An example of off-loading would be using a calculator to do [[arithmetic]] or a creating a grocery list when going shopping. In that sense, the cognitive duties are off-loaded to a material object.

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Hutchins also examined another scene of distributed cognition within the context of navigating a US navy vessel.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Caroll JM |title= HCI Models, Theories, and Frameworks: Toward a Multidisciplinary Science |date=2003 |publisher=Morgan Kaufmann |___location=San Francisco, Calif. |isbn=978-0-08-049141-7}}</ref> In his book on USS Palau,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hutchins E |title=Cognition in the wild |date=1995 |publisher=MIT Press |___location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-262-58146-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CGIaNc3F1MgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> he explains in detail how distributed cognition is manifested through the interaction between crew members as they interpret, process, and transform information into various representational states in order to safely navigate the ship. In this functional unit, crew members (e.g. pelorus operators, bearing takers, plotters, and the ship's captain) play the role of actors who transform information into different representational states (i.e. triangulation, landmark sightings, bearings, and maps). In this context, navigation is embodied through the combined efforts of actors in the functional unit.

In his study on process, representation and taskworld, Mark Perry (1998) demonstrated how distributed cognition analysis can be conducted in a field study. His example was design analysis in [[Civil engineering]]. In this work, he showed how an information processing approach can be applied by carrying a detailed analysis of the background of the study - goals and resources, inputs and outputs, representations and processes, and transformational activity, "how information was transformed from the design drawings and site onto tables of measurements (different representations)" and then onto "a graphical representation" which provided a clearer demonstration of the relationship between the two data sets.<ref (Perry,name 1998).= "Perry_1998" />

==Quotes==

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* LaGrandeur, K. (1998). [https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED410563.pdf "Splicing Ourselves into the Machine: Electronic Communities, Systems Theory, and Composition Studies."] ERIC, March, 1998: ED 410 563.

* Norman, D.A. (1993) "Things that make us smart" (Addison-Wesley).

* {{cite book | vauthors = Perry, M. (| date = 2003) "| chapter = Distributed Cognition". In| J.M.veditors = Carroll (Ed.)JM | title = "HCI Models, Theories, and Frameworks: Toward an Interdisciplinary Science" (| publisher = Morgan Kaufmann) 193-223.| pages = 193–223 }}

* Perry, M. (1998, August). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark_Perry4/publication/2388174_Process_representation_and_taskworld_Distributed_cognition_and_the_organisation_of_information/links/02bfe510b0019a3b25000000.pdf Process, representation and taskworld: distributed cognition and the organisation of information]. In Exploring the contexts of information behaviour. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Research in Information Needs, Seeking and Use in different contexts. 13/15 August 1998. Sheffield, UK (pp.&nbsp;552–567).

* Perry, M. (2003) "Distributed Cognition". In J.M. Carroll (Ed.) "HCI Models, Theories, and Frameworks: Toward an Interdisciplinary Science" (Morgan Kaufmann) 193-223.

* {{cite book | vauthors = Roberts JM |author-link=John Milton Roberts |year=1964 |chapter=The Self-Management of Cultures | veditors = Goodenough WH |title=Explorations in Cultural Anthropology |publisher=McGraw Hill |___location=New York}}

* {{cite book | vauthors = Salomon G |year=1997 |title=Distributed cognitions: Psychological and educational considerations |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn =978-0-521-57423-5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=sVFFnwEACAAJ}}