Distributed cognition: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 09:08, 14 April 2021

Revision as of 11:09, 20 April 2021

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[[Collaborative tagging]] on the [[World Wide Web]] is one of the most recent developments in technological support for distributed cognition. Beginning in 2004<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Mika P | chapter = Ontologies are us: A unified model of social networks and semantics. | title = International semantic web conference | series = Lecture Notes in Computer Science | date = November 2005 | volume = 3729 | pages = 522–536 | publisher = Springer | ___location = Berlin, Heidelberg. | doi = 10.1007/11574620_38 | isbn = 978-3-540-29754-3 }}</ref> and quickly becoming a standard on websites, collaborative tagging allows users to upload or select materials (e.g. pictures, music files, texts, websites) and associate tags with these materials. Tags can be chosen freely, and are similar to keywords. Other users can then browse through tags; a click on a tag connects a user to similarly tagged materials. Tags furthermore enable [[tag cloud]]s, which graphically represent the popularity of tags, demonstrating co-occurrence relations between tags and thus jump from one tag to another.

Dcog has also been used to understand learning and communication in clinical settings and to obtain an integrated view of clinical workplace learning. It has been observed how medical actors use and connect gestural practices, along with visual and haptic structures of their own bodies and of artifacts such as technological instruments and computational devices. In so doing they co-construct complex, multimodal representations that go beyond the mental representations usually studied from a cognitive perspective of learning.<ref name="Pimmer_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pimmer C, Pachler N, Genewein U | title = Reframing clinical workplace learning using the theory of distributed cognition | journal = Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges | volume = 88 | issue = 9 | pages = 1239–45 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23887014 | doi = 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31829eec0a | s2cid = 12371185 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Distributed cognition can also be seen through cultures and communities. Learning certain habits or following certain traditions is seen as cognition distributed over a group of people. Exploring distributed cognition through community and culture is one way to understand how it may work.

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The process of working out the answer requires not only the perception and thought of two people, it also requires the use of a tool (paper) to extend an individual's memory. So the intelligence is distributed, both between people, and a person and an object.

Another well-researched site for analyzing distributed cognition and applying the discovered insights towards the design of more optimal systems is aviation, where both cockpits and air traffic control environments have been studied as scenes that technologically and socially distribute cognition through systems of externalized representational media. It is not the cognitive performance and expertise of any one single person or machine that is important for the continued operation or the landing and takeoff of airplanes. The cognition is distributed over the personnel, sensors, and machinery both in the plane and on the ground, including but not limited to the controllers, pilots and crew as a whole.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hutchins E | title = How a Cockpit Remembers Its Speeds | journal = Cognitive Science | date = July 1995 | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 265–88 | doi = 10.1207/s15516709cog1903_1 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Hutchins also examined another scene of distributed cognition within the context of navigating a US navy vessel.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Caroll JM |title= HCI Models, Theories, and Frameworks: Toward a Multidisciplinary Science |date=2003 |publisher=Morgan Kaufmann |___location=San Francisco, Calif. |isbn=978-0-08-049141-7}}</ref> In his book on USS Palau,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hutchins E |title=Cognition in the wild |date=1995 |publisher=MIT Press |___location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-262-58146-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CGIaNc3F1MgC}}</ref> he explains in detail how distributed cognition is manifested through the interaction between crew members as they interpret, process, and transform information into various representational states in order to safely navigate the ship. In this functional unit, crew members (e.g. pelorus operators, bearing takers, plotters, and the ship's captain) play the role of actors who transform information into different representational states (i.e. triangulation, landmark sightings, bearings, and maps). In this context, navigation is embodied through the combined efforts of actors in the functional unit.

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* {{cite book | vauthors = Ross D, Spurrett D, Stephens GL, Kincaid H |title=Distributed cognition and the will : individual volition and social context |date=2007 |publisher=MIT Press |___location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-262-68169-8}}

* {{cite book | vauthors = Salomon G |year=1997 |title=Distributed cognitions: Psychological and educational considerations |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn =978-0-521-57423-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVFFnwEACAAJ}}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang J | title = The nature of external representations in problem solving. | journal = Cognitive Science | date = April 1997 | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | pages = 179–217 | doi = 10.1016/S0364-0213(99)80022-6 | doi-access = free }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang J, Patel VL | title = Distributed cognition, representation, and affordance. | journal = Pragmatics & Cognition | date = January 2006 | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 333–41 | doi = 10.1075/pc.14.2.12zha }}

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