Dual-coding theory: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 04:23, 29 December 2006

Revision as of 05:06, 20 January 2007

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== Support for this theory ==

Supporting evidence comes from research that shows that memory for some verbal information is enhanced if a relevant visual is also presented or if the learner can imagine a visual image to go with the verbal information. Likewise verbal information can often be enhanced when paired with a visual image, real or imagined (Anderson and Bower, 1973).

Research with PET scans and fMRI, for example, has shown that participants used the same brain areas to process imagined visuals as images that were actually seen. Participants also had improved memory for spoken words and sentences when paired with an image, imagined or real, and showed increased brain activation to process abstract words not easily paired with an image.

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A multimedia presentation that shows multiple visuals such as an image of a speaker as well as the text that the speaker is reading, such as a series of bullet points, could overwhelm the viewer, depending on the person and the situation, because the viewer must now attend to two images.

A study conducted by Paivio (Paivio, 1969) found that whenparticipants partcipantswho were shown a rapid sequence of pictures andas well as a rapid sequence of words, and thenwhen asked to recall the words and pictures (either in order of appearance, or in any order they wantwanted), they were better at recalling the picturesimages when they were allowed to do so in any order. Participants, Howeverhowever, they more readily recalled the sequencesequential order of the words, rather than the sequence of pictures. These Thisresults supported Paivio's hypothesis that verbal information is processed differently than imaginal, or visual, information and that verbal information was superior to visual information when sequential order was also required for the memory task (Paivio, 1969).

Working memory as proposed by [[Alan Baddeley]] includes a two-part processing system with a visuospatial sketchpad and a phonological loop which essentially maps to Paivio’s theory.