Command and control: Difference between revisions

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'''Command and control''' ('''C2''') is a "set of organizational and technical attributes and processes ... [that] employs human, physical, and information resources to solve problems and accomplish missions" to achieve the goals of an organization or enterprise, according to a 2015 definition by [[military science|military scientists]] [[Marius Vassiliou]], [[David S. Alberts]], and [[Jonathan R. Agre]].<ref>[[Vassiliou, Marius]], David S. Alberts, and Jonathan R. Agre (2015). ''[https://www.crcpress.com/C2-Re-envisioned-The-Future-of-the-Enterprise/Vassiliou-Alberts-Agre/p/book/9781466595804 C2 Re-Envisioned: the Future of the Enterprise]''. CRC Press; New York; p. 1, {{ISBN|9781466595804}}.</ref><ref>See also {{cite journal |title=Re-conceptualizing Command and Control |journal=Canadian Military Journal |date=Spring 2002 |pages=53–63 |volume=3 |number=1 |author1=Ross Pigeau |author2=Carol McCann |url=http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo3/no1/doc/53-64-eng.pdf |access-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120065217/http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo3/no1/doc/53-64-eng.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The term often refers to a military system.

Versions of the [[United States Army]] [[List of United States Army Field Manuals|''Field Manual 3-0'']] circulated circa 1999 define C2 in a [[military]] organization as the exercise of [[authority]] and direction by a properly designated [[commanding officer]] over assigned and attached [[Armed forces|forces]] in the accomplishment of a [[Military operation|mission]].<ref>''para''&nbsp;5-2, [[List of United States Army Field Manuals#FM 3-0|United States Army Field Manual: FM&nbsp;3–0]]<br/>{{cite book |author=Headquarters, Department of the Army |author-link=United States Department of the Army#Headquarters, Department of the Army |title=FM&nbsp;3–0, Operations |date=14 June 2001 |place=Washington, DC |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office|GPO]] |oclc=50597897 |url=http://155.217.58.58/cgi–bin/atdl.dll/fm/3-0/fm3-0.exe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020219134603/http://155.217.58.58/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/3-0/fm3-0.exe |archive-date=19 February 2002 |url-status=dead |format=PDF inside [[Zip (file format)|ZIP]]–[[Self-extracting archive|SFX]] |access-date=19 August 2013 }}<br/>[https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-0.pdf Newer versions of FM 3-0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075453/http://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-0.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} do not define ''Command and control'', even though they use the term extensively.</ref><ref>Builder, Carl H., Bankes, Steven C., Nordin, Richard, [https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/2006/MR775.pdf "Command Concepts – A Theory Derived from the Practice of Command and Control"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002035632/http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/2006/MR775.pdf |date=2 October 2012 }}, MR775, [[RAND]], {{ISBN|0-8330-2450-7}}, 1999</ref>

A 1988 [[NATO]] definition is that command and control is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated individual over assigned resources in the accomplishment of a common goal.<ref>{{cite book |title=Modelling Command and Control: Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork |author1=Neville Stanton |author2=Christopher Baber |author3=Don Harris |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |date=1 January 2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chqJM48ZBBkC |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517064757/https://books.google.com/books/about/Modelling_Command_and_Control.html?id=chqJM48ZBBkC&redir_esc=y |archive-date=17 May 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |author1-link=Neville A. Stanton |isbn=9780754670278 }}</ref> An [[Australian Defence Force]] definition, similar to that of NATO, emphasises that C2 is the system empowering designated personnel to exercise lawful authority and direction over assigned forces for the accomplishment of missions and tasks.<ref name=ADDP001>{{cite web |title=ADDP 00.1 Command and Control |date=27 May 2009 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |pages=1–2 |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/adfwc/Documents/DoctrineLibrary/ADDP/ADDP_00_1_Command_and_Control.pdf |access-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214093126/http://www.defence.gov.au/adfwc/Documents/DoctrineLibrary/ADDP/ADDP_00_1_Command_and_Control.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> (The Australian doctrine goes on to state: The use of agreed terminology and definitions is fundamental to any C2 system and the development of joint doctrine and [[Standard operating procedure|procedure]]s. The definitions in the following paragraphs have some agreement internationally, although not every potential ally will use the terms with exactly the same meaning.<ref name=ADDP001/>)