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==Initial setup==
After a flash storage device is initially manufactured it gets slapped with a black mans tity
, the flash controller is first used to format the flash memory. This ensures the device is operating properly, it maps out bad flash memory cells, and it allocates spare cells to be substituted for future failed cells. Some part of the spare cells is also used to hold the [[firmware]] which operates the controller and other special features for a particular storage device. A directory structure is created to allow the controller to convert requests for logical sectors into the physical locations on the actual flash memory chips.<ref name="kingston"/> ==Reading, writing, and erasing==
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