Usage-based models of language: Difference between revisions

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[[Joan Bybee|Bybee]]’s work<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bybee |first1=J. L.|title=Morphology: A study of the relation between meaning and form|___location=Amsterdam |publisher=John Benjamins|date=1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bybee |first=J. L.|title=Phonology and language use |___location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bybee |first=J. L.|title=Frequency of use and the organization of language |___location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2006}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Bybee |first1=J. L.|last2= Perkins |first2= R.D.|last3= Pagliuca |first3=W.|title=The evolution of grammar: tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world|___location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=1994}}</ref> greatly inspired the creation of usage-based models of language. Bybee’s model makes predictions about and explains synchronic, diachronic and typological patterns within languages, such as which variants will occur in which contexts, what forms they will take, and about their diachronic consequences. Using the linguistic phenomenon of splits (when a word starts to show subtle polysemy, and morphological possibilities for the originally single form ensue), Bybee proves that even irreducibly irregular word-forms are seen to be non-arbitrary when the context it occurs in is taken into consideration in the very representation of morphology. Simultaneously, she shows that even seemingly regular allomorphy is context-sensitive. Splits also aligns with the idea that linguistic forms cannot be studied as isolated entities, but rather in relation to the strength of their attachment to other entities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Luce |first=P.A.|last2=Pisoni |first2=D.B|last3=Goldinger |first3=S.D.|chapter=Similarity neighborhoods of spoken words |editor=G. T. M. Altmann |title=Cognitive Models of Speech Processing: Psycholinguistic and Computational Perspectives |pages=122–147 |___location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=MIT Press|date=1990}}</ref>

==== Schmid's Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization model ====

Hans-Jörg Schmid's "Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization" Model offers a comprehensive recent summary approach to usage-based thinking.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schmid|first=Hans-Jörg|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1139239358|title=The dynamics of the linguistic system : usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment|date=2020|isbn=0-19-254637-6|edition=First|___location=Oxford|oclc=1139239358}}</ref> In great detail and with reference to many sub-disciplines and concepts in linguistics he shows how usage mediates between entrenchment, the establishment of linguistic habits in individuals via repetition and associations, and conventionalization, a continuous feedback cycle which builds shared collective linguistic knowledge. All three components connect linguistic utterance types with their respective situative settings and extralinguistic associations.