|
The '''2000 Congressional Bribery Scandal in Argentina''' was allegedly a [[corruption]] case that took place in April 2000. [[Fernando de la Rúa|Fernando de la Rua]], the president at that time, introduced a bill to [[National Congress of Argentina|Congress]] to reduce [[corporation]] costs. On May 11, 2000, this bill officially became Law 25,250 ([[Labour flexibility law|Labor Flexibility Law]]). However, due to this scandal it became infamously known as the “[[Banelco]] Law”<ref>{{Cite news|title=La ley Banelco, 10 años sin condenas - LA NACION|language=es-AR|work=La Nación|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/la-ley-banelco-10-anos-sin-condenas-nid1257999/|access-date=2021-06-02|issn=0325-0946}}</ref>.
It was investigated whether de la Rua’s government, which belonged to the [[Radical Civic Union|Radical Party]], gave money to the senators of the [[Justicialist Party]] to pass the law<ref name=":0" />. However, the Justice concluded that there was no evidence of the alleged [[bribery]]<ref name=":1" />.
This scandal is considered one of the main reasons for the resignation of the former vice president [[Carlos Álvarez (Argentine politician)|Carlos Alvarez]], on October 6, 2000<ref name=":2" />. This episode caused a break in the political coalition between the Radical Party and the [[FREPASO|Frepaso Party]], which altogether formed the alliance called [[Alliance for Work, Justice and Education]]. Furthermore, this rupture exacerbated the [[1998–2002 Argentine great depression|crisis that de la Rua’s government]] was already facing<ref name=":0" />.
== History ==
=== Bill ===
In January, 2000, De La Rua, following the advice of the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], sent to Congress a labor reform bill that included among other items<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-01-20|title=La reforma laboral llegó al Congreso|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/la-reforma-laboral-llego-al-congreso-nid2215/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.lanacion.com.ar|language=es}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Santi|first=Matías Di|title=Las coimas en el Senado|url=https://chequeado.com/ique-fue-de/las-coimas-en-el-senado/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=Chequeado|language=es}}</ref>:
* An extension of the [[Probation (workplace)|employment probation period]]
* A two-year suspension of [[Collective agreement coverage|collective agreements coverage]] established prior to 1975
* The possibility to allow independent corporative agreements instead of operating under agreements by different industries and their respective branches
* Creation of a Federal Service of [[Mediation]] and [[Arbitration]]
De la Rua’s office gained the support of the Secretary of the [[General Confederation of Labour (Argentina)|General Confederation of Labor]], Héctor Daer. This support raised opposition from a segment inside of this confederation that was led by [[Hugo Moyano]], who confronted Daer and called for an assembly that culminated in declaring him as the new general secretary of the confederation. However, this was not recognized by Daer, which led to a breakup inside this organization<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-03-16|title=La CGT, con dos cabezas paralelas|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/la-cgt-con-dos-cabezas-paralelas-nid9236/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.lanacion.com.ar|language=es}}</ref>.
At that time, the majority of the [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|House of Representatives]] was from the Radical Party which favored the President’s agenda. The [[Argentine Senate|senate]], on the other hand, was mostly composed of the opposition (Justicialist Party) that allegedly was against this bill. Even though Moyano did not believe that the law was going to pass, he still called for a general strike against its passage<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-06|title=Hugo Moyano apuntó contra Flamarique al declarar en el juicio contra De la Rúa|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/juicio-por-coimas-hugo-moyano-apunto-contra-flamarique-nid1524139/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.lanacion.com.ar|language=es}}</ref>. Nonetheless, on May 11, 2000 this bill finally passed the Senate, on the condition that the [[minimum wage]] could not decrease for the next two years<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-04-27|title=El Senado aprobó la reforma laboral|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/el-senado-aprobo-la-reforma-laboral-nid14645/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.lanacion.com.ar|language=es}}</ref>.
=== Corruption allegations ===
Hugo Moyano addressed the press on May 29, 2000 declaring that [[Alberto Flamarique]], who was the [[Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security (Argentina)|labor minister]] at that time, had said “we have Banelco (e-transfers) to convince senators”, supposedly implying that the government can easily buy votes from senators<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pagina/12|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/2000/00-03/00-03-31/pag05.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.pagina12.com.ar}}</ref>. Purportedly, this took place in a meeting with the [[Sanitation worker|Sanitation Workers]] [[Syndicate]] while discussing the terms of the new law. Flamarique denied these accusations. On the other hand, Moyano reaffirmed what Flamarique allegedly said<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pagina/12|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/2000/00-08/00-08-23/pag08.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.pagina12.com.ar}}</ref>.
This scandal led to a political crisis that culminated with the resignation of the vice president Carlos Alvarez who was part of the Frepaso Party<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2000-10-07|title=Alvarez renunció por discrepar con las decisiones de De la Rúa|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/alvarez-renuncio-por-discrepar-con-las-decisiones-de-de-la-rua-nid35969/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.lanacion.com.ar|language=es}}</ref>. This Party, in spite of being an ally of President de la Rua, voted mostly against this law<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-05-12|title=Fue aprobada la reforma laboral|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/fue-aprobada-la-reforma-laboral-nid16457/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.lanacion.com.ar|language=es}}</ref>.
In 2003 the parliamentary secretary [[Mario Pontaquarto]] declared in an interview, that he took part in an operation to bribe senators through the [[Secretariat of Intelligence|Secretariat of Intelligence (SIDE)]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Noticias {{!}} Mario Pontaquarto celebra la Ley del Arrepentido|url=https://noticias.perfil.com/noticias/general/2016-10-21-mario-pontaquarto-celebra-la-ley-del-arrepentido.phtml|access-date=2021-06-02|website=noticias.perfil.com}}</ref>. The journalist, Maria Villosio, said that allegedly the negotiations to buy senators’ votes took place in the president’s office and the president himself had said “Deal with [[Fernando de Santibañes|Santibañes]].” who at that time was the head of the SIDE<ref>{{Cite web|title=Página/12 :: El país :: “De la Rúa dijo arréglenlo con Santibañes”|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-29273-2003-12-13.html|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.pagina12.com.ar|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Clarín.com|date=2004-01-09|title=Hoy indagan a Santibañes, ex jefe de la SIDE|url=https://www.clarin.com/ediciones-anteriores/hoy-indagan-santibanes-ex-jefe-side_0_BJMr5RJRYe.html|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.clarin.com|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ante la Justicia nunca admitieron haber visitado juntos a Santibañes - LA NACION|language=es-AR|work=La Nación|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/ante-la-justicia-nunca-admitieron-haber-visitado-juntos-a-santibanes-nid564433/|access-date=2021-06-02|issn=0325-0946}}</ref>.
== Trial ==
In December, 2003, Mario Pontaquarto was [[Subpoena|subpoenaed]] by Judge Norberto Oyarbide, who was then replacing the assigned Judge Canicoba Corral. Pontaquarto stated that he transported 5 million dollars taken from the Secretariat of Intelligence’s fund to Senator Emilio Cantarero’s house. This amount of money was supposed to be divided among four senators in exchange for positive votes to pass the law. In addition, Pontaquarto declared that Senator Jose Genoud and Minister of Labor Alberto Flamarique, allegedly also received money<ref>{{Cite web|title=Página/12 :: El país :: El juicio de la Banelco más famosa|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-200937-2012-08-13.html|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.pagina12.com.ar|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-12-13|title=Un ex funcionario confesó cómo pagó los sobornos en el Senado|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/un-ex-funcionario-confeso-como-pago-los-sobornos-en-el-senado-nid555026/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.lanacion.com.ar|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-20|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120070051/http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2005/08/02/um/Fallo.doc|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-02|website=Poder Judicial de la Nacion}}</ref>.
In 2005, this case was declared a [[mistrial]]. Daniel Rafecas was assigned as the new judge for this case and a new investigation began. Rafecas indicted the former parliamentary secretary Pontaquarto, President de la Rua, former Secretary of Intelligence Santibañes, former Minister of Labor Flamarique, and the Senators Alberto Tell, Remo Costazo, Ricardo Branda, and Augusto Alasino.
In 2016, after an investigation of the movement of money from the Secretariat of Intelligence accounts, it was determined that there was no evidence that support Pontaquarto’s version. All the people that were indicted were acquitted by Judges Miguel Pons, Guillermo Gordo, and Fernando Ramirez because they considered that it was not possible to prove that a [[felony]] had been committed<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=de 2016|first=4 de Enero|title=Coimas en el Senado: 15 años después, se cerró la causa|url=https://www.infobae.com/2016/01/04/1780671-coimas-el-senado-15-anos-despues-se-cerro-la-causa/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=infobae|language=es-ES}}</ref>.
== Repeal ==
The infamous Banelco Law was repealed in 2004 by the government of president [[Néstor Kirchner|Nestor Kirchner]], who introduced another law to replace it. The new law received 215 votes in favor, 23 against, and 1 abstention. This time the law passage had the consent of the main unions of the country<ref>{{Cite web|date=2004-03-03|title=Sancionó Diputados la ley laboral del Gobierno|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/sanciono-diputados-la-ley-laboral-del-gobierno-nid578108/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.lanacion.com.ar|language=es}}</ref>.
== References ==
<references />
== External links ==
* [https://www.clarin.com/tema/coimas-en-el-senado.html News related to "Coimas en el Senado"] [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] (in Spanish)
* [http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/09/21/argentina.bribes.reut/ New bribe scandal hits Argentina's 'murky' Senate] [[CNN]]
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/19/world/spreading-bribery-scandal-shakes-argentinaacutes-senate.html Spreading Bribery Scandal Shakes Argentina´s Senate] [[The New York Times]]
| 