Methods of neuro-linguistic programming: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 06:23, 17 June 2021

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==Internal 'maps' of the world==

NLP claims that our mind-body (neuro) and what we say (language) all interact together to form our perceptions of the world, or maps (programming) and that said map of the world determines feelings and behavior.

As an approach to personal development or therapy it claims that people create their own internal 'map' or world, recognizing unhelpful or destructive patterns of thinking based on impoverished maps of the world, then modifying or replacing these patterns with more useful or helpful ones. There is also an emphasis on ways to change internal representations or maps of the world with the intent of increasing behavioral flexibility.<ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1979" /><ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1975a" /><ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1983">{{cite book |author1=Bandler, Richard |author2=John Grinder |name-list-style=amp | title=Reframing: Neurolinguistic programming and the transformation of meaning | ___location=Moab, UT | publisher=Real People Press. | year=1983 | pages=appendix II, p.171}}</ref>

==Modeling==

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;Preferred representational systems

Originally, NLP taught that most people had an internal preferred representational system (PRS) and preferred to process information primarily in one sensory modality.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}} The practitioner could ascertain this from external cues such as the direction of eye movements, posture, breathing, voice tone and the use of sensory-based predicates. If a person repeatedly used predicates such as "I can ''see'' a ''bright'' future for myself", the words "see" and "bright" would be considered visual predicates. In contrast "I can feel that we will be comfortable" would be considered primarily kinesthetic because of the predicates "feel" and "comfortable". These verbal cues could also be coupled with posture changes, skin color or breathing shifts. The theory was that the practitioner by matching and working within the preferred representational system could achieve better communication with the client and hence swifter and more effective results. Many trainings and standard works still teach PRS<ref name="OConnor & Seymour 2002">{{cite book | author1=Joseph O'Connor | author2=John Seymour | title=Introducing NLP | ___location=London | publisher=HarperCollins | year=2002 | orig-year=1990 | url=https://archive.org/details/introducingnlpps00jose | isbn=1-85538-344-6 | access-date=2007-04-30 }}</ref>

Although there is some research that supports the notion that eye movements can indicate visual and auditory (but not kinesthetic) components of thought in that moment,<ref name="Buckner 1987">Buckner, Meara, Reese, and Reese (1987) Journal of Counseling Psychology , Vol. 34(3), pp.283-287</ref> the existence of a preferred representational system ascertainable from external cues (an important part of original NLP theory) was discounted by research in the 1980s.<ref name="Sharpley 1984">Sharpley, C. F. (1984). Predicate matching in NLP: A review of research on the preferred representational system. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(2), 238-248.</ref><ref name="Heap 1988">{{cite book | author=Heap, M. | title=Neuro-linguistic programming, In M. Heap (Ed.) Hypnosis: Current Clinical, Experimental and Forensic Practices | ___location=London | publisher=Croom Helm | year=1988 | url=http://www.surenkolkankar.com/wp-content/uploads/nlp1.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Elich 1985">Elich, M., Thompson, R. W., & Miller, L. (1985). [http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ327573&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&objectId=0900000b800561ca Mental imagery as revealed by eye movements and spoken predicates: A test of neurolinguistic programming]. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32(4), 622-625. note: "psychological fad"p.625</ref>

;Submodalities

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In their encyclopedia, Dilts and Delozier then define metaprograms as

{{quote|[programs] which guide and direct other thought processes. Specifically they define common or typical patterns in the strategies or thinking styles of a particular individual, group or culture.}}

==Techniques==

===Anchoring===

NLP teaches that we constantly make "anchors" ([[classical conditioning]]) between what we see, hear and feel; and our emotional states. While in an emotional state if a person is exposed to a unique stimulus (sight, sound or touch), then a connection is made between the emotion and the unique stimulus. If the unique stimulus occurs again, the emotional state will then be triggered. NLP teaches that anchors (such as a particular touch associated with a memory or state) can be deliberately created and triggered to help people access 'resourceful' or other target states.<ref name="Krugman 1985">Krugman, Martin, ''et al.'' "Neuro-linguistic programming treatment for anxiety: Magic or myth?" ''[[Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology]]''. August 1985, Vol. 53(4) pp. 526–530.</ref>

===Future pacing===

A technique of asking a person to [[Feedforward, Behavioral and Cognitive Science|imagine doing something in the future]] and monitoring their reactions. It is typically used to check that a change process has been successful, by observing body language when the person imagines being in a difficult situation before and after an intervention. If the [[body language]] is the same, then the [[Intervention (counseling)|intervention]] has not been successful.

===Swish===

The swish pattern is a process that is designed to disrupt a pattern of thought from one that used to lead to an unwanted behavior to one that leads to a desired behavior. This involves visualizing a 'cue' which leads into the unwanted behavior, such as a smokers hand moving towards the face with a cigarette in it, and reprogramming the mind to 'switch' to a visualization of the desired outcome, such as a healthy-looking person, energetic and fit. In addition to visualization, auditory sound effects are often imagined to enhance the experience.<ref name="Masters et al. 1991">{{cite journal|author1=Masters, B|author2=Rawlins, M|author3=Rawlins, L|author4=Weidner, J|year=1991|title=The NLP swish pattern: An innovative visualizing technique|journal=Journal of Mental Health Counseling|volume=13|issue=1|pages=79–90}}</ref>

===Reframing===

Another technique, "reframing" functions through "changing the way you perceive an event and so changing the meaning. When the meaning changes, responses and behaviors will also change. Reframing with language allows you to see the world in a different way and this changes the meaning. Reframing is the basis of jokes, myths, legends, fairy tales and most creative ways of thinking."<ref name="Joseph O'Connor">{{cite book|

first= Joseph | last= O'Connor|title=NLP: A Practical Guide to Achieving the Results You Want: Workbook|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2001}}</ref> There are examples in children's literature; for example, the fictional [[Pollyanna]] would play [[The Glad Game]] whenever she felt down about life, to remind herself of the things that she could do, and not worry about the things she couldn't. Alice Mills also says that this occurs in [[Hans Christian Andersen]]'s story where, to the surprise of the [[ugly duckling]], the beautiful creatures welcome and accept him; gazing at his reflection, he sees that he too is a swan.<ref name="Mills 1999">{{cite book| first= Alice | last= Mills |title=Pollyanna and the not so glad game |publisher=Storrs|year=1999|pages=87, 18}}</ref> Reframing is common to a number of therapies and is not original to NLP.<ref name="Sharpley 1987"/>{{rp|103–107, 105}}

===Well-formed outcome===

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;State management

Sometimes called '''state control''', is a [[neuro-linguistic programming]] (NLP) technique involving actively trying to control the emotional and mental state of an individual. One method to actively achieve state management anchoring where an individual associates a particular physical [[stimulation|stimulus]].

===Covert hypnosis===