Commercial Crew Development: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 18:18, 12 mar 2019

Versione delle 19:35, 12 mar 2019

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Per il budget dell'anno fiscale (AF) 2011, il programma richiedeva 500 milioni di dollari, ma il Congresso ne concesse solo 270 milioni.<ref>{{cita web |url=http://www.spacenews.com/civil/072110senate-panel-cuts-commercial-crew-adds-funds-for-orion-and-heavy-lift.html |titolo=Senate Panel Cuts Commercial Crew, Adds Funds for Orion and Heavy Lift |data=21 luglio 2010 |editore=Space News |accesso=18 aprile 2012}}</ref> Per l'AF 2012, sono richiesti 850 milioni ma il Congresso approvò un budget di 406, e di conseguenza il primo volo del CCDev fu posticipato al 2017.<ref name="sfnAp2013">{{cita web |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1111/23commercialcrew/|titolo=Reduced budget threatens delay in private spaceships|cognome=Clark|nome=Stephen |data=23 novembre 2011 |editore=Spaceflightnow |accesso=18 aprile 2012}}</ref> Per il budget del 2013, sono stati richiesti 830 milioni e sono stati approvati 488 milioni.<ref name="April2013">{{cita web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/742926main_20130419_heoc_mcalisiter%20=TAGGED.pdf|titolo=Commercial Spaceflight Update |cognome=McAlister |nome=Phillip |data=18 aprile 2013 |editore=NASA |accesso=10 agosto 2013}}</ref> Per l'AF 2014, sono stati approvati 696 milioni a fronte degli 821 richiesti.<ref name=AvBolden/><!-- how much was actually received by NASA in FY2104? --><ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/space/nasa/is-the-relationship-between-nasa-and-private-space-about-to-sour-16441487|titolo=Is the Relationship Between NASA and Private Space About to Sour?|autore=Joe Pappalardo|data=16 settembre 2014|opera=Popular Mechanics}}</ref> Per l'AF 2015, la NASA ha ricevuto 805 milioni, il 95% degli 848 richiesti.<ref name="sfn20141214">{{cita news |cognome1=Clark |nome1=Stephen |titolo=NASA gets budget hike in spending bill passed by Congress |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2014/12/14/nasa-gets-budget-hike-in-spending-bill-passed-by-congress/ |accesso=15 dicembre 2014 |opera=Spaceflight Now |data=14 dicembre 2014}}</ref>

=== Pausa dopo lo Space Shuttle ===

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{{see also|Abbandono dello Space Shuttle}}<!-- NASA bought seats on the Russian launcher even while the Space Shuttle was active, and partners in the International Space Station project needed to cross-train on each-others launchers and equipment.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7352868/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/time-running-out-space-station-deal/#.WF1OpBKeZ_4|titolo=Time running out for space station deal|data=April 1, 2005|publisher=}}</ref> When the STS program ended, this aspect of the involvement in ISS continued, and NASA has a contract for seats until at least 2017.<ref name="space.com1">{{cita web|url=http://www.space.com/20897-nasa-russia-astronaut-launches-2017.html|titolo=NASA to Pay $70 Million a Seat to Fly Astronauts on Russian Spacecraft|publisher=}}</ref> The price has varied over time, and the batch of seats from 2016 to 2017 works out to 70.7 million per passenger per flight.<ref name="space.com1" /> The use of the Russian launcher Soyuz by NASA was a part of the ISS program which was orchestrated in the 1990s when that project was planned out: it is used as the emergency lifeboat for the station even before the Space Shuttle retired so anyone staying on the station had to train on this spacecraft regardless.<ref>{{cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-the-soyuz-spacecraft-k-4|titolo=What Is the Soyuz Spacecraft?|nome=Sandra|cognome=May|nome=Sandra|data=May 20, 2015|publisher=}}</ref> The first Soyuz flight to ISS in 2000 included a U.S. astronaut ([[Soyuz TM-31]] as part of [[Expedition 1]]). U.S. astronauts regularly flew on the Soyuz while the Shuttle program regularly visited the Station, even as it brought major components. Likewise Russian and other international partners also flew on the Space Shuttle and the Soyuz spacecraft, sometimes only on one direction of the journey.

The U.S. was working on an emergency escape vehicle called the [[HL-20 Personnel Launch System]] but was cancelled in 1993 in favor of using extra Soyuz spacecraft as lifeboats; not developing another spacecraft was seen as a way to save money in the aftermath of restructuring the Space Station Freedom project when the USSR dissolved in 1991.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.aerospaceguide.net/hl_20.html|titolo=HL-20 – Lifting Body Spaceplane for Personnel Launch System|data=August 4, 2016}}</ref> Regardless, CCDev "seats" have often been compared to Soyuz prices for comparison during its development.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.americaspace.com/2011/05/14/commercial-crew-to-cost-more-than-soyuz/|titolo=Commercial Crew To Cost More Than Soyuz|publisher=}}</ref> With no other launcher available NASA may have to buy seats until 2019 to access the international space station.<ref name="arstechnica.com" /> The other main partners in ISS, the ESA, cancelled its own manned launch system, the [[Hermes (spacecraft)|Hermes]] mini-shuttle, in 1992.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/ESA_history/History_Hermes_spaceplane_1987|titolo=History: Hermes spaceplane, 1987|nome=|cognome=esa|nome=|publisher=}}</ref> The ESA had previously traded Spacelab hardware for flights on Space Shuttles.<ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/1a.pdf Space Transportation System – HAER No. TX-116 – p. 46. Quote: "..Later, NASA purchased LM2, the second lab"]</ref> There has been some interest from Europe in the CCDev contenders, especially with [[Dream Chaser]], with one party saying it was, "..ideal vehicle for a broad range of space applications."<ref>{{cita news |cognome=de Selding |nome=Peter B.|cognome=de Selding|url=http://spacenews.com/dlr-renews-cooperation-with-snc-on-dream-chaser/ |titolo=DLR Renews Cooperation with SNC on Dream Chaser |work=Space News |data=April 17, 2015 |accesso=April 21, 2015|work=Space News}}</ref>

===Spaceflight gap after STS===

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{{see also|Abbandono dello Space Shuttle}}

[[File:ASTP Saturn IBASTP_Saturn_IB.jpg|thumbminiatura|[[Saturn IB]] mounted on the "milkstool" platform. Its 1975 flight was the last manned U.S. mission until 1981]]

AfterDopo thel'ultimo lastvolo flightdel of[[Programma theSpace Shuttle|programma Space Shuttle]] (STS) innel 2011, theci clockfu beganuna tickingpausa ondei avoli U.S.spaziali spaceflight gapstatunitensi.<ref name="space.com">{{cita news |cognome1autore=Denise Chow |titolo=NASA Faces Awkward, Unfortunate Spaceflight Gap |url=https://www.space.com/11387-nasa-future-human-spaceflight-hurdles-nss27.html |accessotitolo=AugustNASA 10Faces Awkward, 2018Unfortunate Spaceflight Gap|workpubblicazione=Space.com |data=April 14, aprile 2011|accesso=11 marzo 2019}}</ref> TheLa previouspausa spaceflightprecedente gapera wasstata betweendi circa sei anni, tra il 1975 (aun lancio del [[Saturn IB]] launch) ande theil firstprimo volo del STS flightad in Aprilaprile 1981, about six years.<ref name="space.com" /> UnlikeA thedifferenza lastdella humanscorsa spaceflight gappausa, thegli U.S.Stati hasUniti boughthanno seatscomprato onvoli thedel still-activelanciatore Russianrusso launcherper aspartecipare partal ofprogetto theircongiunto continuingdella jointStazione international project, the International SpaceSpaziale StationInternazionale.<ref name="space.com" /> U.S.Il CongressCongresso wasera awareconsapevole suchche asarebbe gapavvenuta couldla occurpausa, andquindi acceleratedaccelerò fundingi infinanziamenti nel 2008 ande nel 2009 in preparationpreparazione foral theritiro retirement of thedello Shuttle.<ref name="nasaspaceflight.com"/> At that time the first crewed flight of the planned [[Ares I]] launcher would not have occurred until 2015, and its first use at ISS until 2016.<ref name="nasaspaceflight.com">{{cita web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/02/extra-nasa-funds-initial-step-towards-gap-reduction/|titolo=Extra NASA funds: An initial step towards gap reduction options/extension - NASASpaceFlight.com|publisher=}}</ref> StepsAl weretempo, alsoil takenprimo tovolo con equipaggio del extendlanciatore [[Ares I]] non sarebbe avvenuto fino al 2015, e il suo primo uso per la ISS fino al 2016.<ref name="nasaspaceflight.com" /> Furono stati presi provvedimenti per estendere le operazioni del STS operationoltre pastil 2010.<ref name="nasaspaceflight.com" /> HoweverTuttavia, innel 2010 the l'Ares I wasfu cancelledcancellato andin focusfavore shifted to thedello [[Space Launch System]] ande thedel ''commercial crew program''.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/sls1.html|titolo=NASA Announces Design for New Deep Space Exploration System|cognome=Boen|nome=Brooke|cognome=Boen|data=June 6, 2013|publisher=}}</ref> As ofNel 2016 theil firstprimo mannedvolo flightcon ofequipaggio del SLS ispianificato è la [[Exploration Mission 2]], toe launchil inlancio 2021sarebbe atavvenuto theal earliestminimo al 2021.<ref>{{cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars|titolo=First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars|cognome=Daines|nome=Gary|cognome=Daines|data=December 1, 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As ofNel 2016 auna mannedmissione commercial crewcommerciale missioncon mightequipaggio occurpoteva asaccadere earlygià asnel 2018.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/human-spaceflight/boeing-spacex-update-progress-crewed-spacecraft/|titolo=Boeing, SpaceX update progress on commercial crew spacecraft – SpaceFlight Insider|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="arstechnica.com">{{cita web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/09/nasa-officials-mulling-the-possibility-of-purchasing-soyuz-seats-for-2019/|titolo=NASA officials mulling the possibility of purchasing Soyuz seats for 2019|publisher=}}</ref> IfSe la NASA doesavesse getaccesso accessal tosuo itslanciatore ownpotrebbe launcherriuscire ita may be able to again trade seatsvendere rathervoli thaninvece buydi themcomprarli, oro thele twodue countriesnazioni maypotrebbero organizeorganizzare anotherun'altra salevendita.<ref name="arstechnica.com" /> La NASA hascomprò boughtvoli seatsper foril 2018, ande itpotrebbe maydoverli needcomprare toanche buyper seats foril 2019 also.<ref name="arstechnica.com" />

After the last flight of the STS in 2011 the clock began ticking on a U.S. spaceflight gap.<ref name="space.com">{{cita news |cognome1=Denise Chow |titolo=NASA Faces Awkward, Unfortunate Spaceflight Gap |url=https://www.space.com/11387-nasa-future-human-spaceflight-hurdles-nss27.html |accesso=August 10, 2018 |work=Space.com |data=April 14, 2011}}</ref> The previous spaceflight gap was between 1975 (a [[Saturn IB]] launch) and the first STS flight in April 1981, about six years.<ref name="space.com"/> Unlike the last human spaceflight gap, the U.S. has bought seats on the still-active Russian launcher as part of their continuing joint international project, the International Space Station.<ref name="space.com"/> U.S. Congress was aware such a gap could occur and accelerated funding in 2008 and 2009 in preparation for the retirement of the Shuttle.<ref name="nasaspaceflight.com"/> At that time the first crewed flight of the planned [[Ares I]] launcher would not have occurred until 2015, and its first use at ISS until 2016.<ref name="nasaspaceflight.com">{{cita web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/02/extra-nasa-funds-initial-step-towards-gap-reduction/|titolo=Extra NASA funds: An initial step towards gap reduction options/extension - NASASpaceFlight.com|publisher=}}</ref> Steps were also taken to extend STS operation past 2010.<ref name="nasaspaceflight.com"/> However, in 2010 the Ares I was cancelled and focus shifted to the [[Space Launch System]] and the commercial crew program.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/sls1.html|titolo=NASA Announces Design for New Deep Space Exploration System|nome=Brooke|cognome=Boen|data=June 6, 2013|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016 the first manned flight of SLS is [[Exploration Mission 2]], to launch in 2021 at the earliest.<ref>{{cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars|titolo=First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars|nome=Gary|cognome=Daines|data=December 1, 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016 a manned commercial crew mission might occur as early as 2018.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/human-spaceflight/boeing-spacex-update-progress-crewed-spacecraft/|titolo=Boeing, SpaceX update progress on commercial crew spacecraft – SpaceFlight Insider|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="arstechnica.com">{{cita web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/09/nasa-officials-mulling-the-possibility-of-purchasing-soyuz-seats-for-2019/|titolo=NASA officials mulling the possibility of purchasing Soyuz seats for 2019|publisher=}}</ref> If NASA does get access to its own launcher it may be able to again trade seats rather than buy them, or the two countries may organize another sale.<ref name="arstechnica.com"/> NASA has bought seats for 2018, and it may need to buy seats for 2019 also.<ref name="arstechnica.com"/>

NASA bought seats on the Russian launcher even while the Space Shuttle was active, and partners in the International Space Station project needed to cross-train on each-others launchers and equipment.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7352868/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/time-running-out-space-station-deal/#.WF1OpBKeZ_4|titolo=Time running out for space station deal|data=April 1, 2005|publisher=}}</ref> When the STS program ended, this aspect of the involvement in ISS continued, and NASA has a contract for seats until at least 2017.<ref name="space.com1">{{cita web|url=http://www.space.com/20897-nasa-russia-astronaut-launches-2017.html|titolo=NASA to Pay $70 Million a Seat to Fly Astronauts on Russian Spacecraft|publisher=}}</ref> The price has varied over time, and the batch of seats from 2016 to 2017 works out to 70.7 million per passenger per flight.<ref name="space.com1"/> The use of the Russian launcher Soyuz by NASA was a part of the ISS program which was orchestrated in the 1990s when that project was planned out: it is used as the emergency lifeboat for the station even before the Space Shuttle retired so anyone staying on the station had to train on this spacecraft regardless.<ref>{{cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-the-soyuz-spacecraft-k-4|titolo=What Is the Soyuz Spacecraft?|nome=Sandra|cognome=May|data=May 20, 2015|publisher=}}</ref> The first Soyuz flight to ISS in 2000 included a U.S. astronaut ([[Soyuz TM-31]] as part of [[Expedition 1]]). U.S. astronauts regularly flew on the Soyuz while the Shuttle program regularly visited the Station, even as it brought major components. Likewise Russian and other international partners also flew on the Space Shuttle and the Soyuz spacecraft, sometimes only on one direction of the journey.

The U.S. was working on an emergency escape vehicle called the [[HL-20 Personnel Launch System]] but was cancelled in 1993 in favor of using extra Soyuz spacecraft as lifeboats; not developing another spacecraft was seen as a way to save money in the aftermath of restructuring the Space Station Freedom project when the USSR dissolved in 1991.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.aerospaceguide.net/hl_20.html|titolo=HL-20 – Lifting Body Spaceplane for Personnel Launch System|data=August 4, 2016}}</ref> Regardless, CCDev "seats" have often been compared to Soyuz prices for comparison during its development.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.americaspace.com/2011/05/14/commercial-crew-to-cost-more-than-soyuz/|titolo=Commercial Crew To Cost More Than Soyuz|publisher=}}</ref> With no other launcher available NASA may have to buy seats until 2019 to access the international space station.<ref name="arstechnica.com"/> The other main partners in ISS, the ESA, cancelled its own manned launch system, the [[Hermes (spacecraft)|Hermes]] mini-shuttle, in 1992.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/ESA_history/History_Hermes_spaceplane_1987|titolo=History: Hermes spaceplane, 1987|nome=|cognome=esa|publisher=}}</ref> The ESA had previously traded Spacelab hardware for flights on Space Shuttles.<ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/1a.pdf Space Transportation System – HAER No. TX-116 – p. 46. Quote: "..Later, NASA purchased LM2, the second lab"]</ref> There has been some interest from Europe in the CCDev contenders, especially with [[Dream Chaser]], with one party saying it was, "..ideal vehicle for a broad range of space applications."<ref>{{cita news |cognome=de Selding |nome=Peter B. |url=http://spacenews.com/dlr-renews-cooperation-with-snc-on-dream-chaser/ |titolo=DLR Renews Cooperation with SNC on Dream Chaser |work=Space News |data=April 17, 2015 |accesso=April 21, 2015}}</ref>

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== Fasi ==

{{...|astronautica}}