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The bottom-up approach also emphasizes smaller entities cooperating, but with integrated support from top-level governance like the UNFCCC. These levels of support can vary depending on the approach, but all tend to include at least some level of interaction with higher levels of governance, while emphasizing lower level actors taking more action.<ref name=":3" />
This approach accounts for climate clubs, which encourage global powers to take action on climate change, or pay a price for their inaction.<ref name=":3" /> This can include penalties such as the [[Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]], exclusion from various markets by world powers, and sanctions against the country that are economically detrimental enough that they are forced to take action on climate change. This tackles the free-rider problem which is present when working with any group with a public good.<ref name=":3" /> The lack of international cooperation is solved through forcing other government's hands while stressing a decentralized decision making process to increase cooperation. The approach of using climate clubs with penalty defaults and integrating actors below the UNFCCC, like the OECD and the G20, to accomplish this end is somewhat experimental governance, as it borders on infringing on sovereignty{{Page needed|date=July 2021}}<nowiki> of other countries by strong-arming them,{{ and has not been tried before.</nowiki><ref name=":3" />
== Minilateralism ==
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