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The '''red avadavat''' (''Amandava amandava''), '''red munia''' or '''strawberry finch''', is a sparrow-sized bird of the family [[Estrildidae]]. It is found in the open fields and grasslands of tropical [[Asia]] and is popular as a cage bird due to the colourful plumage of the males in their breeding season. It breeds in the [[Indian Subcontinent]] in the [[monsoon]] season. The species name of ''amandava'' and the common name of ''avadavat'' are derived from the city of [[Ahmedabad]] in [[Gujarat]], India, from where these birds were exported into the pet trade in former times.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Buceros|url=https://archive.org/details/BirdNamesIndia |title=A dictionary of scientific bird names originating from the Indian region |author=Pittie A|volume=9 |issue=2|year=2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=30|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012794628#page/n83/mode/1up/search/Avadavat|title=Hobson-Jobson:A glossary of Anglo-Indian colloquial words and phrases|publisher=John Murray|author=Yule H |year=1886}}</ref>
==Taxonomy==
The red avadavat was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Frigilla amandava''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=Volume 1 | edition=10th | page=180 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | ___location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727087 }}</ref> Linnaeus based his description on "The Amaduvads Cock and Hen" that has been described and illustrated in 1738 by the English naturalist [[Eleazar Albin]].<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Albin | first1=Eleazar | author1-link=Eleazar Albin | last2=Derham | first2=William | author2-link=William Derham | year=1738 | title=A Natural History of Birds : Illustrated with a Hundred and One Copper Plates, Curiously Engraven from the Life | volume=Volume 3 | page=72, Plate 77 | ___location=London | publisher=Printed for the author and sold by William Innys | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41131128 }}</ref> Linnaeus specified the [[type locality (biology)|locality]] as East India but this was restricted to [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta) by [[E. C. Stuart Baker]] in 1921.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Baker | first=E.C. Stuart | author-link=E. C. Stuart Baker | date=1921 | title=Hand-list of the "Birds of India" Part III | journal=Journal Bombay Natural History Society | volume=27 | pages=692-744 [725] | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30359388 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1968 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=Volume 14 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | ___location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=348 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481549 }}</ref> This species is now placed in the [[genus]] ''[[Amandava]]'' that was introduced in 1836 by the English zoologist [[Edward Blyth]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=White | first=Gilbert | author-link=Gilbert White | editor-last=Blyth | editor-first=Edward | editor-link=Edward Blyth | date=1836 | title=The Natural History of Selborne, with its Antiquites; Naturalist's Calendar, &c. | ___location=London | publisher=Orr and Smith | page=44, Footnote | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47719792 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/waxbills/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=14 July 2021 }}</ref>
The red avadavat were earlier included in the genus ''Estrilda'' by Jean Delacour. This placement was followed for a while but morphological,<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|year= 1962| volume=82|title=The affinities of the Red Avadavat, Amandava amandava (Linn.)|author=Harrison, C.J.O.|pages=126–132|url= https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofbritis82brit#page/126/mode/2up}}</ref> behavioural, biochemical<ref>{{cite journal| title= Biochemical systematics within Palaeotropic finches (Aves: Estrildidae) |author=Christidis, L|pages= 380–392| journal=The Auk| volume=104| issue = 3| year=1987| url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v104n03/p0380-p0392.pdf| doi= 10.2307/4087534|jstor=4087534}}</ref> and DNA studies now support their separation in the genus ''Amandava''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=An ethological comparison of some waxbills (Estrildini), and its relevance to their taxonomy|author=Harrison, CJO| year=1962| journal= Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London| volume=139| issue=2| pages=261–282| doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01830.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Delacour, Jean|year=1943| title= A revision of the subfamily Estrildinae of the family Ploceidae| journal=Zoologica |pages=69–86 |volume=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| year= 2007| journal= Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science| volume= 116| issue= 1| pages= 90–107| title= Skeletal characters and the systematics of Estrildid finches (Aves:Estrildidae)| author= Webster, J D| url= http://www.indianaacademyofscience.org/Documents/Proceedings/V116/Proc_v116_1_2007_pp90-107.aspx| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110524004704/http://www.indianaacademyofscience.org/Documents/Proceedings/V116/Proc_v116_1_2007_pp90-107.aspx| archive-date= 2011-05-24
Three [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
* ''A. a. amandava'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh
* ''A. a. flavidiventris'' ([[Alfred Russel Wallace|Wallace]], 1864) – Myanmar, south China, northwest, central Thailand and the Lesser Sundas
* ''A. a. punicea'' ([[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1821) – southeast Thailand, Cambodia, south Vietnam, Java and Bali
==Description==
[[Image:Red Avadavat (Amandava amandava)- Female in Kolkata W IMG 3311.jpg|thumb|left|Female with red rump visible]]This small finch is easily identified by the rounded black tail and the bill that is seasonally red. The rump is red and the breeding male is red on most of the upper parts except for a black eye-stripe, lower belly and wings. There are white spots on the red body and wing feathers. The non-breeding male is duller but has the red-rump while the female is duller with less of the white spotting on the feathers.<ref name=pcr/><ref>{{cite book|author=Whistler, Hugh|year=1949|title=Popular Handbook of Indian Birds|publisher=Gurney and Jackson|pages=216–217|url=https://archive.org/stream/popularhandbooko033226mbp#page/n259/mode/1up}}</ref>
==
▲The red avadavat were earlier included in the genus ''Estrilda'' by Jean Delacour. This placement was followed for a while but morphological,<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|year= 1962| volume=82|title=The affinities of the Red Avadavat, Amandava amandava (Linn.)|author=Harrison, C.J.O.|pages=126–132|url= https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofbritis82brit#page/126/mode/2up}}</ref> behavioural, biochemical<ref>{{cite journal| title= Biochemical systematics within Palaeotropic finches (Aves: Estrildidae) |author=Christidis, L|pages= 380–392| journal=The Auk| volume=104| issue = 3| year=1987| url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v104n03/p0380-p0392.pdf| doi= 10.2307/4087534|jstor=4087534}}</ref> and DNA studies now support their separation in the genus ''Amandava''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=An ethological comparison of some waxbills (Estrildini), and its relevance to their taxonomy|author=Harrison, CJO| year=1962| journal= Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London| volume=139| issue=2| pages=261–282| doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01830.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Delacour, Jean|year=1943| title= A revision of the subfamily Estrildinae of the family Ploceidae| journal=Zoologica |pages=69–86 |volume=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| year= 2007| journal= Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science| volume= 116| issue= 1| pages= 90–107| title= Skeletal characters and the systematics of Estrildid finches (Aves:Estrildidae)| author= Webster, J D| url= http://www.indianaacademyofscience.org/Documents/Proceedings/V116/Proc_v116_1_2007_pp90-107.aspx| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110524004704/http://www.indianaacademyofscience.org/Documents/Proceedings/V116/Proc_v116_1_2007_pp90-107.aspx| archive-date= 2011-05-24}}</ref> The Estrildinae are thought to have evolved somewhere in the Indian plate and moving into the African and Pacific regions and it has been estimated that the red munia diverged from the green munia about 9 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arnaiz-Villena|first=A|author2=Ruiz-del-Valle V |author3=Gomez-Prieto P |author4=Reguera R |author5=Parga-Lozano C |author6=Serrano-Vela I |title=Estrildinae Finches (Aves, Passeriformes) from Africa, South Asia and Australia: a Molecular Phylogeographic Study|journal=The Open Ornithology Journal|year=2009|volume=2|pages=29–36|url=http://chopo.pntic.mec.es/biolmol/publicaciones/Estrildinae_finches_2009.pdf|doi=10.2174/1874453200902010029|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Red avadavats are found mainly on flat plains, in places with tall grasses or crops, often near water.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen PC |author2=JC Anderton |name-list-style=amp |year=2005| title =Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|page=572| publisher= Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions}}</ref> The species has four named subspecies. The nominate subspecies is called ''amandava'' and is found in [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Nepal]] and [[Pakistan]]; the Burmese form is called ''flavidiventris'' (also found in parts of [[China]], [[Indonesia]], [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]]);<ref>{{cite journal| author=Baker, E.C.S. | year=1921 | title=The birds of the Indian Empire: Hand-list of the "Birds of India", Part 3 |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=27|issue=4|pages= 692–744|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30359388}}</ref> the population further east in Java is called ''punicea'' and in Cambodia, ''decouxi''.<ref>{{cite book|pages=192–193|title=Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2|author=Oates, EW|year=1890| publisher=Taylor and Francis, London |url=https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin02oate#page/192/mode/1up/search/amandava}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinunitedst2261963unit#page/216/mode/1up/search/amandava|pages=216|year=1963| journal=United States National Museum Bulletin |volume =226| title=Checklist of the birds of Thailand| author=Deignan, H.G.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofbirds141968pete#page/348/mode/1up|pages=348–349| title=Check-list of the birds of the world|volume=14|author=Paynter RA (Ed)|year=1968|publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Baker ECS |title=Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 3|edition=2nd|pages=95–97| url=https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds3/BakerFBI3#page/n116/mode/1up/| publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=1926}}</ref>
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