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Thorndike, however, did nothing with his idea. The first such system was devised by [[Sidney L. Pressey]] in 1926.<ref>Pressey S.L. 1926. A simple apparatus which gives tests and scores {{ndash}} and teaches. ''School & Society'' '''23''', 373{{ndash}}6.</ref><ref>Pressey, S.L. 1927. A machine for automatic teaching of drill material. ''School & Society'' '''25''', 544–552.</ref> "The first... [teaching machine] was developed by Sidney L. Pressey... While originally developed as a self-scoring machine... [it] demonstrated its ability to actually teach."<ref>Hilgard E.R. 1966. Learning & the technology of instruction. Chapter 16 in Hilgard E.R. & Bower G.H. 1966. ''Theories of learning''. 3rd ed, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, p554{{ndash}}561 Programmed learning.</ref>
== Later developments of programmed learning ==
In [[World War II]], with largely [[conscription|conscript]] armies, there was great emphasis on [[training]]. What was learnt influenced education and training after the war. One of the main methods was the use of [[film]] as a group training method. Research on the effectiveness of training films was done extensively.<ref>Lumsdaine A.A. 1947. Experimental research and the improvement of teaching films. ''Educational Screen'' '''26''', 254/5.</ref><ref>Hovland C.I; Lumsdaine A.A. & Sheffield F.D. 1949. ''Experiments on mass communication''. Princeton University Press.</ref><ref>Lumsdaine A.A. 1953. Audio-visual research in the U.S. Air Force. ''AV Communication Review'' '''1''', 76–90.</ref><ref>May M.A. & Lumsdaine A.A. 1958. ''Learning from films''. Yale University Press.</ref> In one account, [[Arthur A. Lumsdaine|Lumsdaine]] comments that research on films went on "from about 1918 to the present" (meaning 1962).<ref name=Art>Lumsdaine A.A. 1962, published 1965. Experimental research on instructional devices and materials. In Glaser R. (ed) ''Training research and education''. New York: Wiley, 252; 256.</ref>
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