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As a consequence of this change of status, South Africa needed to reapply for continued membership of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], with which it had privileged trade links. Even though India became an independent state within the Commonwealth in 1947 it became clear that [[Africa]]n and [[Asia]]n member states would oppose South Africa due to the apartheid policies being enforced. As a result, South Africa withdrew from the Commonwealth on [[31 May]] [[1961]], the day that the Republic came into existence.
===The Sullivan Principles (the end of [[Aparthied]])===
In [[1971]], Sullivan joined the [[General Motors]] Board of Directors and became the first [[African-American]] on the board of a major corporation. He went on to serve on [[General Motors|GM]]'s board for over 20 years. In [[1977]], Sullivan developed a code of conduct for companies operating in [[South Africa]] called the [[Sullivan Principles]]. As an alternative to complete [[disinvestment]] from South Africa, the "[[Sullivan Principles]]" created a revolution in industrial race relations and were instrumental in dismantling [[apartheid]]. The biennial [[Leon H. Sullivan Summit]], first held in [[Abidjan]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]] in [[1991]], continues to be held. To further expand human rights and economic development to all communities, Reverend Sullivan created the Global Sullivan Principles of Social Responsibility in [[1997]]. In [[1999]], the Global Sullivan Principles were issued at the United Nations. This expanded code calls for multinational companies to take an active role in the advancement of human rights and social justice.
===Sanctions===
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