Multiscale modeling: Difference between revisions

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==Illustrative example: CD4+ T cells==
CD4+ T cells are a key part of the adaptive immune system. They differentiate into different phenotypes to carry out different functions. They do so by secreting molecules called cytokines to regulate other immune cells. In a study, published in 2021,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wertheim|first=Kenneth Y.|last2=Puniy|first2=Bhanwar Lal|last3=Fleur|first3=Alyssa La|last4=Shah|first4=Ab Rauf|last5=Barberis|first5=Matteo|last6=Helikar|first6=Tomáš|date=2021-08-03|title=A multi-approach and multi-scale platform to model CD4+ T cells responding to infections|url=https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009209|journal=PLOS Computational Biology|language=en|volume=17|issue=8|pages=e1009209|doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009209|issn=1553-7358|doi-access=free}}</ref> multi-scale modelling was used to explain their emergent behaviors by integrating biological phenomena occurring at different spatial (intracellular, cellular, and systemic), temporal, and organisational scales (signal transduction, gene regulation, metabolism, cellular behaviours, and cytokine transport).
 
This model uses a Boolean network to describe their intracellular signal transduction and gene regulatory networks, a set of genome-scale constraint-based metabolic models to describe their metabolic reactions, an agent-based model for the cellular behaviours informed by the intracellular models, and compartmental ordinary differential equations to model the reactive transport of cytokines throughout the body. The cells and cytokines reside in and move between three compartments representing the target organ wherein infections occur, the lymphoid tissues connected to the target organ, and the circulatory system.