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* The last pattern seen is that X-linked recessive traits tend to skip generations, meaning that an affected grandfather will not have an affected son, but could have an affected grandson through his daughter.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pierce|first=Benjamin A.|title=Genetics: A Conceptual Approach|publisher=Macmillan Learning|year=2020|isbn=978-1-319-29714-5|pages=154–155}}</ref> Explained further, all daughters of an affected man will obtain his mutated X, and will then be either carriers or affected themselves depending on the mother. The resulting sons will either have a 50% chance of being affected (mother is carrier), or 100% chance (mother is affected). It is because of these percentages that we see males more commonly affected than females.
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A few scholars have suggested discontinuing the use of the terms ''dominant'' and ''recessive'' when referring to [[X-linked inheritance]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Dobyns|first1=William B.|last2=Filauro|first2=Allison|last3=Tomson|first3=Brett N.|last4=Chan|first4=April S.|last5=Ho|first5=Allen W.|last6=Ting|first6=Nicholas T.|last7=Oosterwijk|first7=Jan C.|last8=Ober|first8=Carole|year=2004|title=Inheritance of most X-linked traits is not dominant or recessive, just X-linked|journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics|volume=129A|issue=2|pages=136–43|doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.30123|pmid=15316978}}</ref> The possession of two X chromosomes in females leads to dosage issues which are alleviated by [[X-inactivation]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shvetsova|first1=Ekaterina|last2=Sofronova|first2=Alina|last3=Monajemi|first3=Ramin|last4=Gagalova|first4=Kristina|last5=Draisma|first5=Harmen H. M.|last6=White|first6=Stefan J.|last7=Santen|first7=Gijs W. E.|last8=Chuva de Sousa Lopes|first8=Susana M.|last9=Heijmans|first9=Bastiaan T.|last10=van Meurs|first10=Joyce|last11=Jansen|first11=Rick|date=March 2019|title=Skewed X-inactivation is common in the general female population|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=455–465|doi=10.1038/s41431-018-0291-3|pmid=30552425|pmc=6460563|issn=1476-5438|doi-access=free}}</ref> Stating that the highly variable [[penetrance]] of X-linked traits in females as a result of mechanisms such as skewed X-inactivation or [[somatic mosaicism]] is difficult to reconcile with standard definitions of dominance and recessiveness, scholars have suggested referring to traits on the X chromosome simply as ''X-
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