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'''In-system programming''' (ISP), or also called '''in-circuit serial programming''' (ICSP), is the ability of some [[programmable logic device]]s, [[microcontroller]]s, and other [[embedded device]]s to be programmed while installed in a complete system, rather than requiring the chip to be programmed prior to installing it into the system. It allows firmware updates to be delivered to the on-chip memory of microcontrollers and related processors without requiring specialist programming circuitry on the circuit board, and simplifies design work.<ref>[https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/designing-embedded-hardware/0596007558/ch01.html''Oreilly, Designing Embedded Hardware, 2nd Edition by John Catsoulis'']</ref>
There are several mutually-incompatible in-system programming protocols for programming [[microcontroller]] devices
The primary advantage of this feature is that it allows manufacturers of electronic devices to integrate programming and testing into a single production phase, and save money, rather than requiring a separate programming stage prior to assembling the system. This may allow manufacturers to program the chips in their own system's production line instead of buying preprogrammed chips from a manufacturer or distributor, making it feasible to apply code or design changes in the middle of a production run.
The other advantage is that production can always use the latest firmware, and and new features as well as bug fixes can be implemented and put into production without the delay occurring when using pre-programmed microcontrollers.
Microcontrollers are typically soldered directly to a printed circuit board and usually do not have the circuitry or space for a large external programming cable to another computer.
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