# '''[[#Convergent (destructive) boundaries|Convergent boundaries]]''' (or ''active margins'') occur where two plates slide towards each other commonly forming either a [[subduction]] zone (if one plate moves underneath the other) or a [[orogeny|continental collision]] (if the two plates contain continental crust). Deep marine trenches are typically associated with subduction zones. Because of friction and heating of the subducting slab, volcanism is almost always closely linked. Examples of this are the [[Andes]] mountain range in South America and the [[Japan]]ese [[island arc]].
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===Transform (conservative) boundaries===
{{main|Transform boundary}}
The left- or right-lateral motion of one plate against another along [[transform fault]]s can cause highly visible surface effects. Because of [[friction]], the plates cannot simply glide past each other. Rather, [[stress (physics)|stress]] builds up in both plates and when it reaches a level that exceeds the strain threshold of rocks on either side of the fault the accumulated [[potential energy]] is released as [[Strain (materials science)|strain]]. Strain is both accumulative and instantaneous depending on the [[rheology]] of the rock; the ductile lower crust and mantle accumulates deformation gradually via [[geological shear|shearing]] whereas the brittle upper crust reacts by fracture, or instantaneous stress release to cause motion along the fault. The ductile surface of the fault can also release instantaneously when the strain rate is too great. The energy released by instantaneous strain release is the cause of [[earthquake]]s, a common phenomenon along transform boundaries.
A good example of this type of plate boundary is the [[San Andreas Fault]] which is found in the western coast of [[North America]] and is one part of a highly complex system of faults in this area. At this ___location, the Pacific and North American plates move relative to each other such that the Pacific plate is moving northwest with respect to North America. Other examples of transform faults include the [[Alpine Fault]] in [[New Zealand]] and the [[North Anatolian Fault]] in [[Turkey]]. Transform faults are also found offsetting the crests of [[mid-ocean ridge]]s (for example, the [[Mendocino Fracture Zone]] offshore northern California).
